从“后种族社会”论的由来看美国社会的分裂

种族歧视是美国历史上一个不可抹去的污点。然而,随着奥巴马在2008年当选总统,美国社会上出现了一股“后种族社会”论的思潮。“后种族社会”论的源头可以追溯到20世纪60年代,当时联邦政府推出了《平权法案》,旨在改善少数族裔在就业和教育方面处于劣势的状况。而白人群体则宣称,针对少数族裔整体的歧视已经被铲除,升学和就业需靠自身努力,而不应该依赖政府的政策。虽然否定美国依然存在种族歧视的观点有明显缺陷,但诸多白人仍坚持这一看法,因为其有助于推翻《平权法案》。同时,强调种族歧视依然存在并以此来支持《平权法案》的阵营,也不会从自己的立场后退。上述现象反映了美国社会在种族问题上难以弥合的分裂。     

二十世纪中期以来美国早期印第安人史研究

20世纪50—60年代以来,在族裔政治、①多元文化思潮的冲击下,美国的印第安人史研究在研究视角、路径和范式等方面发生了重大变化,使这一领域形成不断发展和持续繁荣的局面。不过,对于族裔政治和多元文化主义的影响,美国学者还缺少足够关注,也没有充分注意到印第安人史研究与当时的社会政治、文化思潮之间的关系。②就中国学术界而言,虽有少数论著涉     

具有中国血统者就是华人吗？——美国赫蒙人之案例分析

论文就中美两国对赫蒙人截然不同的族群界定与依据、赫蒙人在美国的生存适应与族群认同的状况进行了研究。对于20世纪中叶沦为难民后,陆续辗转移居美国的老挝赫蒙人,中国学者将其视为少数民族华人,美国官方却将其确定为与华裔、韩裔等少数族裔并列的独立族裔类别。美国赫蒙人虽然在血统的意义上可归属于具有中国血统的人,但其几乎不存在华人归属意识,也极少与中国发生社会联系。许多海外华人或海外具有中国血统的人将会随着时间的推移而逐渐失去华人认同意识,并与中国社会浙行渐远。因此建议依据中国血统、中国传统文化的保持、主观认同为华人、与中国社会的联系等“华人性”的几个维度去理解和定义“海外华人”。     

19世纪美国政府对待社会暴力的双重标准

19世纪美国各级政府对待社会暴力有不同的态度。研究显示,美国各级政府对待工人阶级为改善生活和工作条件而举行的罢工以及对待黑人为反抗奴隶制而发动的起义,一向是残酷镇压;而当白人攻击和杀戮黑人、移民和其他少数族裔时,则往往是姑息容忍,听之任之。美国政府对待社会暴力的双重标准,一方面使得雇主阶级肆无忌惮地剥削工人,同时也使得黑人长期得不到解放,而且在内战后继续遭受歧视和虐待;另一方面也纵容和助长了白人种族主义者对黑人和其他少数族裔的歧视和攻击。     

20世纪60年代以来影响墨西哥裔美国人在美国参政的要素分析

自20世纪60年代以降,美国人口总数及其种族构成发生了巨大变化,其中西裔和亚裔群体数量急剧增长。作为西裔群体当中最大的一支族裔团体,墨西哥裔美国人开始积极参与美国政治,并逐渐对美国的社会、经济、政治和文化等领域产生重要影响。本文以墨西哥裔美国人在美国的政治参与为研究对象,综合运用历史学、社会学和政治学等研究方法,全面分析和理解该群体在美国政治参与的现状,认为政治文化、社会经济地位和政治动员等因素共同影响了墨西哥裔美国人自20世纪60年代以降在美国的政治参与。     

早期美国华裔青年的自我认同：兼评雷洁琼硕士论文的历史意义

以雷洁琼1931年的硕士论文为原始资料,分析了20世纪30年代华裔青年的自我认同,论述了芝加哥学派对早期华人华裔研究的影响,华裔青年群体的成长过程、种族压力下的华人家庭生活、华裔学生在美国公立学校的经历、在就业上所受到的歧视以及渴望返回中国的心理状态。提炼出一个观点：在美国族裔关系中,只要整个华人族群的地位低下,华裔青年的自我认同就无法摆脱“外国人”的阴影;华裔青少年在语言、思维、生活方式及社会举止上的美国化仅仅是一种单方面的改变,并不能使他们成为一个美国社会认可的美国人;在一个种族意识强烈的社会里,文化上的美国人不等于是种族上的美国人。     

外刊摘要

4月27日封面文章"平权法案"该不该废美国"平权法案"形成于上世纪60年代,包括一系列针对少数族裔和弱势群体的优惠措施。这一法案曾被认为有利于促进社会公平。但今天,"平权法案"受到越来越多的质疑,它被认为催生了新的不公。例如,美国联邦政府倾向于向那些在"社会和经济上处于劣势"的商人提供承包项目。事实上,一些少数族裔的商人大概比美国一般家庭富有87倍。     

二战后英国有色族裔社会融入困境研究

二战后,随着1948年6月《1948年英国国籍法》等移民法案的颁布,大量移民和有色族裔移居英国。然而,英国政府和民众对大量涌入的有色族裔移民的忧虑和歧视贯穿始终,特别是进入20世纪60、70年代后,有色族裔移民在就业、居住、教育等方面受到歧视性对待,因此有色族裔群体的生存状态堪忧,社会融入深陷困境。     

当代美国外来移民的特征及影响分析

美国是一个典型的移民国家,一直以来都是世界上吸收国际移民数量最多的国家。据美国移民局统计,1820-2002年间,美国的外来移民总数达6821．75万人。从时期划分上看,移民进入美国的高潮主要有两次：一次是19世纪80年代至20世纪20年代,一次是20世纪60年代至今。1880-1930年间进入美国的移民为2757．26万人,而1960-2002年间进入美国的移民为2637．65万人,二者合计占1820-2002年间美国外来移民总数的79．08％。     

现代的离散者——对美国菲律宾裔移民的另一种解读

菲律宾裔移民是当代国际移民潮中一道亮丽的风景线,人们可以在世界130多个国家中发现菲律宾裔移民的踪影。最大的海外菲律宾人群体生活在美国,美国菲律宾裔移民已成为美国少数族裔群体中增长最快的一支,是仅次于美国华裔的第二大亚裔群体。因此,美国菲律宾裔移民的政治、经济、文化活动不断引起人们的关注。在经济全球化的背景下,美国的菲律宾裔移民仅仅是美国政治、文化和地理边界内受到各种限制的少数族裔吗？本文将以“现代离散者”是在跨国层面上被社会建构起来的群体这个构想为基础,对美国的菲律宾裔移民做出另一种解读。     

To Rid the Italian Soul of One Dark Blot: Recognising Race in White Christian Religion

This article describes white Christian missionary uses of racial imagery for assimilating early twentieth‐century immigrants into U.S. society. In early twentieth‐century America, white Methodist missionaries sought to convert Italian immigrants from so‐called “pagans” to “one hundred percent Americans” by distancing them from racial darkness. In their attempt to convert the objects of their evangelism, Methodists syncretised secular marketing and metaphorical images and trained their audiences in a racial conversion narrative. In spite of their effort to combat the racial limitations of perceived Italian darkness, missionaries' use of darkness and light metaphors in conversion narratives reinscribed a racial Manichean dualism in their missionary practices and publications.     

性别、种族、男性气概：再读二战之前美国本土华人历史

美国自快速工业化后,男性白人因失去手工业时代的支配地位而对外来移民和少数族群采取仇视的态度,将男性华人视如女性而置之于权力边缘。美国华人可说是在性别分化的机制运作之下,经历了种族歧视。男性华人尝试藉由抗争罢工、司法诉讼等方式争取尊严,这些行动虽然不一定都产生了良好效果,但从中我们可以看到美国华人男性气概的形成过程。本文主要以现存美国本土华人研究的二手资料为基础,以性别为关注点,力图重新给男性华人以不同的定位,从而使美国华人的研究更加完整。     

American Presbyterians,Freedmen's Missions,and the Nile Valley: Missionary History,Racial Orders,and Church Politics on the World Stage

In the second half of the nineteenth century, American Presbyterian “home” and “foreign” missions developed parallel and mutually reinforcing policies towards freed slaves in Egypt, Sudan, and the U.S.A. as well as towards Egypt's indigenous Christians, the Copts. Yet the racial ideologies and social hierarchies of these three countries reflected distinct historical trajectories of migration and conquest. In the Nile Valley, American missionaries struggled to understand, address, and sometimes revise Egyptian and Sudanese social hierarchies, which they found alternately idiosyncratic or unjust. This essay conjectures that these interactions, in the long run, induced the Nile Valley missionaries to confront the lingering injustices and incongruities in American social hierarchies, particularly in the mid‐ to late twentieth century. In this way, the “foreign” mission experience had a backflow for missionaries and their church by raising questions about American racial orders and by strengthening a commitment to civil rights and social justice agendas.     

Mixed Outcomes: The Impact of Regional Autonomy and Decentralization on Indigenous Ethnic Minorities in Indonesia

This article examines how indigenous ethnic minorities in Indonesia are being affected by the implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy policies. New legislation transferred responsibility and authority over various issues, including resource extraction and local governance, from the central government to regional authorities at the district level. Members of the growing indigenous rights movement hoped that this decentralization process would allow ethnic minority communities to retain or regain control over natural resources through local‐level politics. Furthermore, some ethnic minorities saw the implementation of decentralization as an opportunity to return to local forms of land tenure and resource management that had been disparaged by the national government for most of the twentieth century. However, these new laws also encourage district level governments to generate income through natural resource exploitation, as they will receive a certain percentage of these revenues. Minority communities could be adversely affected as local governments disregard their land rights in efforts to raise income to cover their new expenses, essentially continuing the practices of previous governments. This article examines the new opportunities, as well as the new threats, posed by decentralization to ethnic minorities throughout Indonesia.     

Idylls of the piney woods: health and race in southeastern Louisiana, 1878–1956

Scholars have investigated the important connections between racial identity, geography, and environment. Frequently these studies have focused on the location of noxious industries, questions of environmental justice, or segregation of racialized groups in areas of deleterious environmental conditions. In this paper, I argue that beneficial environmental conditions can also be closely tied with racial identity and that racial identity in turn can influence perceptions of the environment. These connections are evident in southern Louisiana—specifically St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana—in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. St. Tammany Parish, located in the piney woods of southeastern Louisiana, served as a health resort for New Orleanians seeking refuge from yellow fever and for other Americans attempting to restore their health. Residents and medical specialists understood the healthful qualities of the parish to emanate from the fragrance of the pine trees and the restorative waters. St. Tammany Parish's reputation for health, however, only applied to people with a white racial identity, despite the fact that St. Tammany Parish had a significant black population. White residents within the parish reserved tuberculosis sanitaria, health clinics, and access to natural springs for white patrons only, even amid fears concerning illness among black residents. Additionally, late nineteenth and early twentieth century medical specialists pointed to morality, criminality, and racial characteristics in their determination of the causes of illness.     

Unsightly urban menaces and the rescaling of residential segregation in the United States

In this article, the author uses a slum clearance project in Lexington, Kentucky, as a lens through which to examine the spatial dynamics of racial residential segregation during the first half of the twentieth century. At the time, urban migration and upward socioeconomic mobility on the part of African Americans destabilized extant residential segregation patterns. Amid this instability, various spatial practices were employed in the interest of maintaining white social and economic supremacy. The author argues that such practices were indicative of a thoroughgoing reinvention of urban socio-spatial order that in turn precipitated the vastly expanded scale of residential segregation still found in U.S. cities today. Evidence of this reinvented ordering of urban space lies in the rendering of some long-standing African American neighborhoods as “out of place” within it and the use of slum clearance to remove the “menace” such neighborhoods posed to it.     

From sedition to patriotism: performance, place, and the reinterpretation of American ethnic identity

Between the two World Wars, many Americans changed their attitudes toward ethnic minorities and their place within American civic culture. States such as Wisconsin, with its dense concentration of diverse immigrant groups, came under especially harsh fire during the Great War, only to be celebrated 20 years later as microcosms of a pluralist democracy. Although much has been written about this profound transformation of American ethnic identity from the perspective of «official culture», or those governing élites in power, less is known about the role of immigrant communities themselves in this change. Examination of the intertwining of ideology with the social manifestations of cultural performance in one Wisconsin community provides a way to interpret the elusive experience of ordinary people. In the case of two interwar Swiss American cultural performances, a view of ethnic culture emerges that sought to refashion a more inclusive definition of what it meant to be American. In the process of redefining their own identity, third generation Swiss strategically used such performance-based memory work. Their efforts not merely reflected, but shaped a discourse of ethnicity between the wars that became decreasingly antagonistic and gradually more open to ethnic and cultural difference.     

"The very model of modern urban decay": outsiders' narratives of industry and urban decline in Gary, Indiana

In the eyes of many, the steel city of Gary, Indiana, entered a period of decline in the middle of the twentieth century. The once great city was seemingly racked by job loss, crime, racial division, or moral decay. Which of these caused the decline of the city depended upon the perspective of the story's teller. Each narrative of decline contained a different moment where the city went wrong and it began to decay. For some it was the moral decay of the 1950s, for others it was the rise of black power and politics in the 1960s, for still others it was the white backlash against civil rights in the 1970s. Some saw a microcosm of America, some saw a dangerous cauldron of race and ethnicity. The source of decline and the origins of the urban crisis were largely in the eye of the beholder. The stories people chose to tell about Gary mattered because for much of the twentieth century, Gary was at the center of American narratives about industrialism. These were outsider narratives of decline read onto the Indiana steel city because Gary represented larger debates. People read onto Gary their changing expectations and anxieties about industry and industrial spaces. This article traces the changing attitudes outsiders held toward Gary from the middle of the twentieth century through the period of deindustrialization at the end of the century and examines American narratives about deindustrialization and urban decline.     

云南少数民族获食模式探讨

获食模式的差异源于人类对不同生态环境的适应。云南少数民族获食模式的多样性,既是各民族对当地生态环境适应的结果,也是各民族饮食结构差异的主要原因,同时反映出云南各少数民族经济社会发展的不平衡性和文化的多样性。本文根据自然环境和生产方式的差异,把云南少数民族的获食模式分为高山峡谷农牧型、刀耕火种-狩猎采集型、山坡梯田灌溉农耕型、河谷盆地灌溉精耕型等类型,并从文化生态学的角度对其地域分布、类型特征、形成原因等进行了分析。     

Infanticide and infant abandonoment in the new South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865-1915

The Civil War and Reconstruction and the South's postbellum industrialization produced economic dislocation on a tremendous scale. One product of that economic upheaval was an increasing problem of infanticides and infant abandonments. This case study of Richmond, Virginia, examines patterns of abandonment and neonaticide as documented in records of the city almshouse and the city coroner. It demonstrates that race shaped the options available to women with problem pregnancies in that African American women had access to fewer social welfare unstitutions such as maternity homes. As a result, unmarried black women kept their out-of-wedlock babies more often than did whites, but they also committed infanticide at higher rates than did whites. Moreover, racial trends in infanticides and infant abandonment suggest that Ricomond's white working class experienced economic advancements at the turn of the twentieth century, while the city's black working class continued to live in depression-like conditions throughout the period.