中俄社会科学论坛

2006年6月19—20日,中国和俄罗斯两国学在北京举行了题为“中俄社会科学论坛”的学术研讨会。“中俄社会科学论坛”是中俄两国领导人在2004年10月商定的在中国举办“俄罗斯年”活动中的一项重要内容,也是这次活动中社会科学领域里的一次高层次学术活动。来自俄罗斯科学院的30位专家以及中国社会科学院、中共中央对外联络部、中国国际问题研究院、黑龙江社会科学院、北京大学、中国人民大学、辽宁大学、复旦大学、华东师范大学等单位的中国和俄罗斯问题专家出席研讨会,并向研讨会提交了55篇论。     

俄罗斯转型进程中的社会结构分化及福利政策——以政治国家与市民社会互动为主线

20世纪70年代以后,俄罗斯进入了从传统的高度集权政治经济体制向现代市场经济和现代民主法治体制转轨的社会转型期。私有化、市场化以及民主化造成了俄罗斯贫富差距悬殊、新兴的中间阶层出现和“边缘人群”泛滥等社会结构的分化与危机。针对转型中的诸多社会问题,普京时代俄罗斯社会福利政策的改革策略是强调政治国家与市民社会之间的“正和博弈”。俄罗斯“强国家一强社会”的新的治理模式对于同样处在急剧变革中的中国社会管理和公共服务创新无疑是有借鉴意义的。     

日本的原子能发电工业

众所周知,日本既是工业高度发达的经济大国,也是极端匮乏自然资源的“资源小国”。其能源资源更为紧缺,自给率只占15.6％左右。而且自经济高速增长时期以来,消费能源结构也发生了戏剧性的根本变化,依靠石油能源为主;即使在第一次石油危机后的1977年,仍占其总能源消耗比率的77.6％。这些年来,正在积极开发代替石油能源,以求摆脫主要依靠石油的处境,取得了一定效果。当前,在总能源消耗比率中,石     

俄罗斯重构本民族的历史价值观

近几年来,俄罗斯对于历史问题的态度越来越慎重,并采取一系列措施捍卫本国历史,还原历史真实面貌,重拾大国荣誉感.俄罗斯出台的一系列措施是俄领导人对当前历史领域存在的问题的反思和应对,是普京任俄总统以后对历史问题的立场一脉相承政策的延续.     

俄罗斯文化遗产保护的理论与实践

受意识形态更迭和战争的影响,俄罗斯文化遗产保护历经波折,最终形成了完整的国家保护体系,其中对非物质文化遗产的保护近年来也日趋重视。俄罗斯文化遗产保护传统上以文物修复和整体性保护为主要思想,以“国家保护”和“整体保护”为基本原则,中央与地方以及社会统一协调、共同保护,政府主要起指导和监管作用。在具体操作层面,民间组织和个人承担主要保护工作。俄罗斯对有关国际公约持审慎态度,走的是文化大国自信和自觉的保护道路。     

安倍晋三 小泉接班人？

当这些日本民选的领袖在中日之间所有的焦点问题上都肆无忌惮地全面触底、理直气壮地代言“大国情感”时,当“不参拜靖国神社”竟然成了周边国家对日本领导人的最大期盼时,问题到底出在哪里7月10日,在朝鲜半岛的导弹危机中,日本内阁官房长官安倍晋三公开说:日本有必要考虑拥有“攻击敌方基地的能力”。美国《纽约时报》说,安倍晋三的“先发制人论”,是日本政界有关对朝问题迄今公开发表的最强硬言论。     

冷战后美国的里海—中亚能源政策

为确保里海——中亚能源进入国际市场及其能源安全,削弱俄罗斯在该地区的垄断性影响,美国在冷战后通过投资开发、建设多元化油气管道和支持划分里海主权的方式参与到对中亚能源的博弈中。但是由于各种因素的掣肘和自身实力有限,美国的战略目标并不能完全实现。     

俄罗斯是在呼唤“铁腕”、呼唤强权——对俄罗斯近年出现的所谓“重评思潮”的剖析

本文认为,近些年俄罗斯出现的有关斯大林的评价和言论,是把斯大林作为一个建立俄国“稳定”和“秩序”、体现“强国”和“铁腕”的符号来谈论的,并不是作为苏共的政治领袖、苏联社会主义模式创造者和实践者来评价的。文章从俄罗斯的历史传统,民族的心理,民族的性格,强烈的大国情结,强国意识,以及苏联解体以来出现的国力下降、经济衰微、人口减少,和严重的社会民族危机等方面,对近来我国学界出现的“重评斯大林说”提出了质疑。文章对近年俄罗斯出现的某些怀旧情绪和对“第二个斯大林”的呼唤所作的解读是:俄罗斯实质上是在呼唤“铁腕”,呼唤强权。     

"世界军事大国"的日本模式

经过半个多世纪的潜心发展,日本已成为名副其实的“世界军事大国”。日本积极扩充军事实力,努力发展核武技术,不断强化日美军事同盟关系,在“半遮半掩”中,已在“世界军事大国”的危险道路上越滑越远。这不能不引起亚洲邻国和国际社会的高度警惕。     

俄政要纳兹德拉坚科 当代“黄祸论”鼓吹者

鼓吹“中国在远东地区进行人口扩张”,胡说未来中国可能“占领”俄远东“中国政府正在对俄罗斯有计划地进行人口扩张”,“远东地区的中国移民要不了多久将超过当地俄罗斯人,成为第一大民族”,“俄罗斯迟早会沦为中国的能源附庸”,“大量向中国出口武器将威胁俄罗斯的国家安全”……尽管近年来中国与俄罗斯     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.