工业园生态化建设方法研究

通过工业园和生态工业园的特征比较,提出了工业园生态化建设是由企业内部、企业之间和园区与区域三个层面组成的系统建设思路。指出园区企业清洁生产推进是实现企业内部生态化建设的有效途径,生态链网构建是企业之间生态化建设的可靠方法,园区环保基础设施建设和景观生态建设是园区生态化的重要保障。通过工业园区生态化相关问题分析,提出了企业生产工艺与设备调查、园区清洁生产评价、试点企业筛选、清洁生产审计与方案制定、成果审核与完善以及清洁生产推广的园区清洁生产推进方法;提出了工业代谢分析与园区主要废弃物识别、废弃物资源化论证、企业生态链接网络构建、优化及生态链接效果评价的生态链网构建方法;提出了园区集中供热、污水处理与回用、固体废物处理与处置等环保基础设施与以绿化为主体的景观生态建设方法。     

高技术园区与工业区之整合

地区高技术园区和工业区原有产业分工功能,随着日益激烈的市场竞争逐渐转变成竞争关系。高技园区与工业区原有规划目标提供企业厂商良好的投资生产环境,但是生产与市场重迭所产生的竞争问题,将降低彼此竞争力。本文经由探讨两岸高技术园区发展经验,指出两类团区应采取整合方式支撑地区经济总体发展,并提出对两类园区整合策略的构思。     

转型时期的中国大都市发展

改革开放以来,中国大都市建设经历了一个快速发展的时期。由于历史、经济及文化等多方面因素,中国大都市的发展呈现出特殊的时空特征,同时也带来了诸多问题。本文对转型时期中国大都市的发展特征、影响其发展的因素和发展过程中值得注意的问题进行了系统的分析和研究,并提出了相应的对策。     

Restructuring old industrial and inner urban areas: A contrastive analysis of state policies in Great Britain and Germany

This paper deals with two outstanding forms of state intervention devised to cope with structural change in old industrial areas: Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) in Great Britain and the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition (IBA) in the Ruhr district in Germany. In Sections 2 and 3, we deal with UDCs and the IBA separately, concentrating on their history, objectives, modes of operation, financial arrangements, and their relationship with other heal and state agencies. Furthermore, these two policies are related to the general political and social situation in Britain and Germany. In Section 4, we compare the IBA with UDCs directly, discussing whether these schemes can be considered a success with regard to their own objectives. Of particular importance is the role of the local level and the opportunity for various actors, interest groups and public bodies to participate in the process of restructuring. Finally, we reflect upon the implications for planning in general emanating from the IBA and UDCs. One important result of our research is that the very broad approach behind the IBA — despite certain inherent contradictions — will do more justice to the multi‐faceted problems of old industrial areas than the concept of ‘regeneration’ behind UDCs.     

我国主题旅游集群的成长及其空间特征研究

主题旅游集群的形成发展,主要是受追求规模经济、游客差异性偏好和要素集聚积极推动的影响。研究分析我国主题旅游集群的成长、扩张及其空间效应,有助于主题旅游集群区决策部门加强系统规划,通过追求技术和表现形式的创新进步,通过政策环境的改善、空间结构的优化布局以及产业链延伸,从而打造极具竞争力的国际化主题旅游集群。     

新时期粤港澳区域整合发展的若干制约因素及调控

区域整合是基于市场机制与宏观调控背景下构建区域产业、基础设施、城市网络等结构与功能协调发展的机制。自结束了长期分离的格局后,粤港澳三地以制造业为主的分工合作关系及外向型基地初步形成。但从积极融入全球经济体系,提升区域竞争创新能力的要求看,目前仍存在机制不健全,各自为政,重复建设和盲目竞争等弊端。从整合体制、统一规划、调整结构等战略角度出发,形成有序的城镇格局,优化资源配置,建设国际化体系和高新技术基地,使珠三角成为21世纪全球重要的"都会经济区"和亚太地区制造业、金融、贸易发展的龙头,应是三地政府共同面对的职能。     

Territorial Cohesion of Tomorrow: A Path to Cooperation or Competition?

Explicit reference was made to “Territorial Cohesion” in the draft Constitution for Europe. The concept has recently been celebrated by many stakeholders of territorial development policies, including the European community of planners. Territorial Cohesion does not seem to have received any official definition, but it is clearly meant to aim at some sort of “spatial justice” while promoting integration between EU sector policies that have a territorial impact. Seemingly a consensual principle: who in Europe would object to a better coherence between various EU policies and the provision of reasonably equal standards of living to all EU citizens, regardless of their area of settlement? Yet a close examination of the current political debate suggests that very divergent views are being expressed as to what Territorial Cohesion exactly entails in practical terms. Two main different policy approaches seem to emerge in this debate. The first approach tends to equate Territorial Cohesion to a range of positive discrimination steps in favour of various penalised areas. Interest groups, in particular lobbies for specific regions, have proved influential in propagating this conception. In the area of regional policy, this approach embodies the neo-corporatist, depoliticised line of the contemporary political culture. It is primarily inspired by financial considerations and a competitive zero-sum game scenario: regions of a specific category should increase their share of the EU funding at the expense of the others. The opposite approach places much more emphasis on the need for integrated territorial planning strategies and the integration of EU policies. Its proponents are the heirs of the post-war urban and regional planning tradition. They strive to revive the politicised and rationalist ideology of the Enlightenment, based on the notion of public interest. They raise awareness about the steadily growing interdependence between regions and cities of Europe and advocate a cooperative approach focusing on issues of transnational relevance and win-win situations. This rather idealistic cooperative approach seems to be less influential than its rival, and currently confined to a relatively small group of planning professionals. The question remains: which of the two models—interregional competition or cooperation—will finally succeed in shaping the EU cohesion policy?     

Climate change, biodiversity conservation and protected area planning in Canada

For more than a decade, climate change has been identified as an important emerging issue for protected areas. Utilising outputs from two equilibrium global vegetation models (GVMs) forced with six climate-change scenarios, this study assessed potential terrestrial biome-type change in Canada's protected area network (2,979 national parks, national wildlife areas, migratory bird sanctuaries, Ramsar sites, ecological reserves, wilderness wildlife areas and provincial parks). Vegetation-modelling results project that 37–48 percent of Canada's protected areas could experience a change in terrestrial biome type under doubled atmospheric carbon-dioxide conditions. Park and protected area planning in Canada have traditionally been founded upon enduring-feature analysis and ecoregion representation frameworks. These conservation-planning frameworks are based on climatic and biogeographic stability; assumptions that what these modelling results for Canada's protected areas and other vegetation-modelling studies indicate are untenable in an era of global climate change. Implications for protected area policy and planning in Canada are also discussed.     

The EU integrated urban development policy: managing complex processes in dynamic places

One of the European Union’s 2014–2020 cohesion policy’s new aims is to promote integrated urban development strategies that enhance sustainable urban development. Following the emergence of the integrated urban development policy, city policies in EU show a trend in that direction but overall changes towards a sustainable integrated urban development are limited. One of the major problems for planners and implementing actors seems to be the management of complexity, which originates in three sources: the policy, the planning and implementation processes as well as the implementation place. The paper elaborates on the question: what is triple complexity and how can planning and implementing actors of the EU integrated sustainable urban development policy manage it? The paper suggests the use of a place-oriented theory and proposes a theory-guided ex-durante (ongoing) evaluation called Place Scan. I assume that the method can support planners and implementing actors to manage complexity and to improve quality of ex-durante evaluations.     

TAX AND FINANCIAL POLICIES FOR THE HOUSING MARKET OF THE 1980s

The imbalance in the age structure of the U.S. population has created conditions for heavy demand and consequently pressures for rising relative prices in the market for owner-occupied single family housing in the 1980s and 1990s. Working in reverse, the unbalanced demographics may well lead to the falling relative price of housing around 2010, the period in which the baby boom generation will be retiring and may wish to liquidate its housing investment. Changes in housing policies during the 1980s could help offset the anticipated costs associated with the swings in demand pressures in the housing market over the next forty years. Current favorable tax and financial policies toward homeownership encourage both the overconsumption of housing and the overinvestment in housing as a retirement asset. Tax and financial policies could be changed to neutralize the attractiveness of owner-occupied single family units relative to alternative types of housing units. To avoid overbuilding for the future, policies could encourage the efficient use of existing housing resources through intergenerational turnover, upgrading of units and neighborhood improvement, and condominium-style conversion of multiunit structures from rental to owner-occupancy. Finally, tax and financial policies toward investment could encourage the baby boom generation to diversify its retirement assets outside of housing.     

Economic values for recreational planning at Horton Plains National Park,Sri Lanka

Although recreational planning in national parks has long taken visitor characteristics and perceptions into consideration, economic valuation to date has not been part of such planning. Our study applies economic valuation for recreational planning in the Horton Plains National Park (HPNP) in Sri Lanka. The study, using a pretested questionnaire, interviewed 188 respondents in order to identify existing visitor satisfaction levels as well as visitor perceptions on available facilities. The existing visitor satisfaction at HPNP was 54%. Two alternative recreational scenarios were, therefore, developed based on visitor perceptions on how to enhance visitor satisfaction at the park. A hypothetical travel cost method and contingent valuation method (CVM) were used to estimate (1) the welfare benefits in terms of consumer surplus and (2) the demand in terms of willingness to pay (WTP) for the proposed recreational scenarios. The sample size for the economic study was 352 respondents. The per-visitor welfare benefits were financially valued at Sri Lanka Rupees (SLR) 3794 (USD 1 = SLR 130) and SLR 7045 for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. These values show a 15 to 30 times increase from the existing value of the welfare benefits. The net present value of benefits also increased from SLR 516.8 million to SLR 5296.92 million and SLR 9835.73 million under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Under CVM, the estimated mean WTP values were SLR 132.00 and SLR 190.32 under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. These values can be used as a tool for revising pricing policies at HPNP. Visitors' response to the proposed recreational scenarios suggests the need for planners to institute proper recreational schemes to enhance the welfare benefits of visitors. The study underscores the role economic valuation can play in policy decisions relating to recreational planning in national parks.     

城市产业结构升级与空间结构形态演变研究——以长春市为例

产业结构演变与城市空间拓展的互动是城市实现可持续发展的重要路径。本文从产业结构演进与城市用地结构变化、产业结构更新与城市功能地域调整、产业结构调整与城市空间形态优化等方面分析了城市产业结构升级与城市空间形态演变的互动机制,并以长春市为例,研究了长春市产业结构演变与城市空间形态演变的互动变化过程,提出了二者未来互动变化的趋势。     

Destination choices of Chinese rural–urban migrant workers: Jobs,amenities, and local spillovers

Using the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we analyze rural–urban migrant workers’ destination choices after the global financial crisis, with an emphasis on jobs, amenities, and local spillovers. By using an equilibrium‐sorting model, this paper disentangles local spillovers from local attributes in the estimation process. We employ both an artificial instrumental variable and the provincial highway passenger flow in 1979 to tackle the endogeneity issue. After controlling for the network effects of migrants from the same origin, we find a separate and strong preference for colocating with a large population of migrants, regardless of origin. The results remain robust when we take into account labor supply‐driven migration, spatial autocorrelation between provinces, different industry definitions, and regional differences within provinces. Our results imply that due to institutional barriers, the rural‐migrant community will still be a very important factor in the foreseeable future. In addition, as the ongoing industrial upgrading and transfer policies in China may lead to a westward movement of rural–urban migrants, the movement will be expedited when the older, less educated, or lower income migrants relocate.     

Urban landscapes and spatial planning in industrial districts: The case of Veneto

A new spatial pattern developed out of a long process of economic, social and physical restructuring which changed Veneto, a poor, mainly agricultural, region into a technologically advanced industrial one, without the major imbalances characterizing other areas. We can assume this new pattern of development as a consequence of a specific growth model. Its typical features are mixture, contemporaneousness, mobility: in such a situation, traditional planning approaches lose most of their validity. Nor is it worth, at this stage, mentioning the economic and environmental reasons that go against such a pattern of scattered growth, since this type of development is the result of an advanced civil and economic condition. This kind of urban development raises a number of new problems: environmental pollution, waste of land, irrational use of the existing infrastructural network. They all require large‐scale planning, which is just what never worked before: the success of the model was largely the result of a set of unplanned policies.     

湿地公园建设与湿地旅游资源保护的协调机制研究——以江苏、上海沿海湿地自然保护区为例

本文从湿地公园的概念与研究动态入手,以江苏、上海沿海湿地自然保护区为例,提出了湿地公园建设与湿地旅游资源保护的协调机制,从理念、目标、规划与政策、技术和管理、决策调控五个层面提出协调机制实施的基本模式。通过研究,希望能丰富湿地旅游资源保护的方法和途径,对湿地生态功能结构的维护和资源开发提供新的思路。     

Caravan Parks and the AprWMay 1988 New South Wales Floods

Caravan parks are an important component of the tourist industry. They serve as the dormitory and the focal point for the immediate environs at places of interest. This paper investigates the characteristics and the occupancy of parks which were inundaled by water during the April/May floods of 1988 in New South Wales. It looks at the number of people at risk, and the appropriateness of caravan parks occupying land liable to flood. This form of accommodation offers people a great flexibility in their holidaying patterns but when long-term or permanent caravans are concentrated in parks on floodprone land they pose a number of problems. In addition to human elements such as personal property damage and social disruption, substantial disaster relief payments from public funds are required. It appears quite inappropriate 10 allow floodprone caravan parks to have sites occupied on a long-term basis.     

Measuring Space-Time Accessibility Benefits within Transportation Networks: Basic Theory and Computational Procedures

Accessibility is a fundamental but often neglected concept in transportation analysis and planning. Three complementary views of accessibility have evolved in the literature. The first is the constraints-oriented approach, best implemented by Hägerstrand's space-time prisms. The second perspective follows a spatial interaction framework and derives “attraction-accessibility measures” that compare destinations' attractiveness with the travel costs required. A third approach measures the benefit provided to individuals by the transportation/land-use system. This paper reconciles the three complementary approaches by deriving space-time accessibility and benefit measures that are consistent with the rigorous Weibull axiomatic framework for accessibility measures. This research also develops computational procedures for calculating these measures within network structures. This provides realistic accessibility measures that reflect the locations, distances, and travel velocities allowed by an urban transportation network. Since their computational burdens are reasonable, they can be applied at the urban scale using a GIS.     

全球视野下的价值链治理研究

在全球化背景下,以地方产业集群为发展模式的区域经济,其竞争力的提升需要在全球价值链中与区域外的经济行为主体积极互动,并实现升级。而价值链治理分析是经济地理学理论研究地方产业集群升级的关键。在这种研究视角下,本文以价值链治理为研究对象,首先界定了价值链治理的概念;并从理论上讨论了全球价值链治理模式的主要类型和演化过程;然后,进一步分析了价值链治理产生的原因、价值链治理的应用,以及价值链治理对地方产业网络升级的影响;最后,本文对国际现有的价值链治理理论进行了比较深入的讨论,并提出进一步研究的展望。     

Measuring Space-Time Accessibility Benefits within Transportation Networks: Basic Theory and Computational Procedures

Accessibility is a fundamental but often neglected concept in transportation analysis and planning. Three complementary views of accessibility have evolved in the literature. The first is the constraints-oriented approach, best implemented by Hägerstrand's space-time prisms. The second perspective follows a spatial interaction framework and derives “attraction-accessibility measures” that compare destinations' attractiveness with the travel costs required. A third approach measures the benefit provided to individuals by the transportation/land-use system. This paper reconciles the three complementary approaches by deriving space-time accessibility and benefit measures that are consistent with the rigorous Weibull axiomatic framework for accessibility measures. This research also develops computational procedures for calculating these measures within network structures. This provides realistic accessibility measures that reflect the locations, distances, and travel velocities allowed by an urban transportation network. Since their computational burdens are reasonable, they can be applied at the urban scale using a GIS.     

In Search of an Innovative State: The Development of the Biopharmaceutical Industry in Taiwan,South Korea and China

Recent developments in the biopharmaceutical industry in Taiwan, South Korea and China bear witness to the transformation of these states in nurturing an innovation‐based industry. This article argues that the segmentation of the value chain of the biopharmaceutical industry has provided industrializing countries with a window of opportunity. These East Asian states have modified their former catching‐up approaches by establishing a more effective institutional platform that can attract knowledge‐creation players to the industry. Through case studies, the authors show that the Taiwan state's promotion of the biopharmaceutical industry has been based on an incremental approach; existing state policies have been modified to cope with the demands of the industry, which has resulted in the continuation of its SME‐based industrial structure. The methods of the Korean state have been more radical, in that the policies that previously favoured the chaebols have gradually been reoriented toward the promotion of smaller, science‐based firms that now co‐exist alongside the chaebols. Finally, the Chinese state and local governments have sought to promote this innovation‐based industry by building biotech parks. This approach has resulted in a boom in new science firms, which have become increasingly isolated from the flourishing domestic SOE‐led market.