中国智慧城市研究的进展与展望

伴随着智慧城市建设实践的快速发展,智慧城市研究引起了城市科学、地理科学和管理科学等多学科的广泛关注与探讨。本文在分析近十年来我国智慧城市研究文献基础上,重点从智慧城市内涵、智慧城市发展阶段、智慧城市影响因素、智慧城市逻辑框架、智慧城市行业应用等方面,梳理我国智慧城市研究取得的进展。同时指出,在智慧城市的跨学科研究、区域体系、影响因素与系统影响机理和新时代发展路径研究等方面尚未引起足够重视。未来智慧城市建设,应着力加强智慧城市跨学科、智慧城市体系、智慧城市仿真模拟、智慧城市影响因素及动力机制研究,以及新时代智慧城市发展路径的探索。     

Energy efficiency left behind? Policy assemblages in Sweden’s most climate-smart city

ABSTRACT

Smart city experiments have the potential to reshape urban climate change governance. Smart city initiatives have been supported by international technology companies and the European Union for many years and continue to be promoted by national and municipal governments. In relation to sustainability and climate change, such initiatives promise more efficient use of resources through the use of information and communications technology in energy infrastructure. Experiments with smart city technologies such as urban smart grids have shown the potential to restructure relationships between energy utilities, energy users and other actors by reconfiguring the dynamics of energy supply and demand. But do urban experiments lead to institutional change? The aim of the article is to provide a better understanding of how smart city experiments reshape the urban governance of building energy use. Hyllie, a new city district in Malmö, Sweden, was home to two smart city experiments that contributed to the institutionalization of urban smart grid technology. However, the analysis of Hyllie’s policy assemblages shows that this institutional change could redefine sustainability at the expense of energy efficiency.     

Children's perception of their city centre: a qualitative GIS methodological investigation in a Dutch city

Children represent a population group that is much neglected in the city planning process. Their perceptions, which are different from those of adults, are usually not incorporated in the design of cities. The aim of this paper is to present a qualitative GIS approach to capture children's perceptions of the urban environment. It gives a detailed insight into why certain perceptions occur and what the associated physical and social qualities are. The approach considers children as active participants and combines quantitative and qualitative methods. Twenty-eight children aged 10–17 were involved in examining the city-centre area of Enschede, the Netherlands. The results show both similarity and heterogeneity in perception (e.g. based on gender and age group) and the emergence of new location-specific qualities (e.g. natural elements, smart technologies, economic functions). It concludes with a discussion on the potential of incorporating this approach in urban planning processes.     

Pourquoi seules les villes sont-elles qualifiées d'intelligentes? Un vocabulaire du biais urbain

Since 2010, the term “smart city” has become a buzzword, used in a vague way to denote the increasing integration of information technology into city management processes and to describe the social and community processes they enable. The adjective “smart” is, however, only applied to cities: by implication non-cities (i.e., rural and peripheral regions) are not smart. In this paper we describe how the term “smart city” is used, and show that processes similar to those that make cities smart also occur outside cities. Reserving the term “smart” for cities therefore reflects a bias, similar to the bias that associates creativity and innovation with cities. As geographers we have become aware of our colonial and sexist biases: in this paper we argue that our urban bias is alive and well, and call attention to it.     

“A World Class City of Your Own!”: Civic Governmentality in Chennai,India

Abstract: This paper utilizes a critical governmentality approach to theorize the processes through which urban elites become stakeholders in the “world‐class city”. Through a case study of public consultations for urban development plans in Chennai, India, the paper explores the technologies that produce urban actors who “participate” in urban governance. Key to these technologies is a discourse of participation that privileges and normalizes citizens as urban stakeholders. The paper contributes to current explorations into the technologies of inclusion that are central to an emerging civic governmentality in South Asia. In Chennai this civic governmentality engages various segments of civil society in processes of urban governance through the mechanism of public consultation. It is through these public consultations that elites come to exert influence over urban plans and consolidate a vision and desire for the world‐class city.     

DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AS A FUTURE CHALLENGE FOR CITIES IN EAST CENTRAL EUROPE

Contemporary cities in East Central Europe (ECE) represent a hybrid type of urban development which is still generally considered to be a special case and is only exceptionally referred to in the recently intensified debate over the European city. Our paper argues that such exclusion is short‐sighted because ECE cities face structural problems similar to those of their Western pendants. Therefore, the contextual frame of urban research needs to be widened and can no longer be restricted to post‐socialist transition. In this regard, one of the main challenges for future urban development will be the consequences of demographic change. Ageing, new patterns of fertility behaviour and more diversified household structures in line with the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) will have significant implications for urban structures and housing markets, as already known for Western Europe. The purpose of this paper is to work out new questions and hypotheses for future urban research with special respect to Polish and Czech cities. Besides West European experience, recent developments in eastern Germany are taken as a frame of reference, assuming that this specific transition case may, in many respects, be regarded as a forerunner for similar developments in its neighbouring countries.     

Urban Policy Mobilities: The Case of Turin as a Smart City

This article analyses urban policy mobilities taking into consideration the idea of the smart city, which is currently a sort of leitmotif used in many cities within the framework of discourses on urban development. More specifically, this article offers an analysis concerning the circulation and implementation of the idea of the smart city in Turin, Italy. It investigates the actors, processes and networks involved in the mobilization and reproduction of the idea, as well as the mechanisms, concerning the embedding of the smart city discourse in the institutional fabric of the city of Turin, Italy. It also emphasizes how urban policy mobility can develop even without processes of “imitation” and “adaptation” of best practices from other cities.     

DIFFERENTIAL SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRAGUE URBAN REGION

Numerous authors have asserted that suburbanization contributes to many problems in both suburban and inner city localities. Research of suburban development demonstrates variations in spatial patterns, the intensity of spatial processes, and the social and economic status of new suburbanites. While some forms of suburban development could cause serious problems throughout the urban region, other forms could be perceived as processes improving the quality of life in suburbia. This paper seeks to investigate different types of suburban development in the Prague urban region over the past fifteen years of transformation. The focus of my interest is residential suburbanization, which is one of the most significant spatial processes today in the settlement systems of post‐socialist countries. The theoretical part of the contribution deals with the differentiation of spatial processes changing the suburban zone. Here I discuss the concepts of several processes of suburban development and their distinctive impact on both suburban and inner city localities. The empirical part of the contribution is based on an analysis of migration flows in the various localities of the Prague urban region in the period 1995 to 2003. I attempt to describe the magnitude and spatial patterns of suburbanization and the composition of migrants to suburbia. The paper concludes with a discussion about the possible future development of suburbanization in the Prague urban region.     

临潼城市生态保护初探

历史城市一般都具有自然生态与传统文化同生共荣的特征。研究历史城市的生态保护,对于城市未来的良性发展,具有十分重要的意义。
陕西临潼骊山山色秀美,华清宫温泉载誉中外。城市因帝王行宫而发展,山、水、城独具特色,生态环境良好。在城市化快速发展过程中,临潼城区蔓延式扩张和内部空间的整合,对城市内部生态系统造成改变与破坏;景区在发展旅游过程中,面临生态环境质量下降的问题。本文立足于定性分析,通过对临潼城市生态问题分析,提出落实"景城分治"的基本策略,以及遗址区生态保护应当注意的问题。     

中国西部省会城市中心性分析

中心性是反映城市为其以外地区提供服务能力大小的指标,也是衡量城市中心地位高低的重要依据。文章在借鉴国内城市中心性相关研究成果的基础上,根据统计资料提供的数据,分别计算出1984年、1995年和2001年西部省会城市的中心性指数;然后,根据不同时期中心性指数的变化,分析其中心地位的消长涨落;根据2001年中心性指数的大小,划分其中心地位的等级体系,并据此对西部省会城市未来发展的空间组织格局做出初步判断。     

Urban smartness and sustainability in Europe. An ex ante assessment of environmental,social and cultural domains

The aim of the paper is to define a set of smartness and sustainability indicators applicable to European cities and to assess their outcome in an ex ante perspective with regard to the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy. Following the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, State, Impact, Response) model, we select a bundle of indicators for three relevant sustainability domains (environmental, social and cultural), which are proper to the smart city definition. Then we define groups of homogeneous cities for each domain by using a two-step cluster analysis. Results show the existence of heterogeneous groups of cities that are likely to become smart in the cultural domain, side by side with groups of more developed urban areas that have acquired a substantial advantage in the environmental and social dimensions.     

城市负债的效应及测评研究进展与展望

全球城市化进程的加速使得用于城市发展建设的资金规模日益扩大,特别是通过现代化融资借贷手段为城市发展筹集资金的方式给城市建设提供了巨大的支持和动力。但是,全球经济金融危机和地区性主权债务危机的蔓延,也使得城市债务的累积和扩大问题愈发严重。为了更加清晰地了解城市负债的影响效应机制和测度预警内容与方法,为城市的健康可持续发展提供指导和借鉴,本文对相关内容研究进行了文献梳理和分析总结,并展望了进一步研究的重点方向。结果表明:国外的研究已取得了不少成果,而国内的研究尚处于初期阶段,研究视角较局限,缺乏多学科、广领域、立体层次的研究。因此,未来研究应注重从人文地理学的角度,综合分析城市负债对于城市发展的影响路径、累积效应、互动耦合作用等,通过多种分析方法对多层次尺度的数据进行更加细化深入和全面的分析,探索城市负债和经济社会发展的时空分异格局、演变规律和作用机理。     

Canadian smart cities: Are we wiring new citizen-local government interactions?

Governments around the world are developing smart city projects, with the aim to realize diverse goals of increased efficiency, sustainability, citizen engagement, and improved delivery of services. The processes through which these projects are conceptualized vary dramatically, with potential implications for how citizens are involved or engaged. This research examines the 20 finalists in the Canadian Smart Cities Challenge, a Canadian federal government contest held from 2017 to 2019 to disburse funding in support of smart city projects. We analyzed each of the finalist proposals, coding all instances of citizen engagement used to develop the proposal. A significant majority of the proposals used traditional types of citizen engagement, notably citizen meetings, round tables, and workshops, to develop their smart city plans. We also noted the use of transactional forms of citizen engagement, such as apps, and the use of social media. Despite the general rhetoric of innovation in the development of smart cities, this research finds that citizens are most commonly engaged in traditional ways. This research provides cues for governments that are developing smart city projects, placing an emphasis on the importance of the process of smart city development, and not simply the product.     

Neoliberalising the divided city

This paper examines the relation between ethno-nationalism and neoliberalism in urban space. Contrary to common views in urban studies, it argues that the ‘ethno-nationally divided city’ and the ‘neoliberal city’ are not antithetical, but that neoliberal nationalism is a new modality of urban conflict in a globalised world, which reshapes the relation between the local and the global and draws new urban geopolitics. By investigating practices of nation-branding in a divided city, this paper bridges different theoretical fields to shed light on an aspect of urban conflict that has largely been ignored by the literature on nationalism and urban divisions. It also complements existing research on neoliberal nationalism by emphasising the spatial and material aspects of nation-branding, and by showing how it can be used by competing ethno-national leaders to mobilise their communities and extend their control at the national and urban levels. By highlighting processes common to neoliberal and divided cities, this paper draws on recent calls within urban geopolitics to rethink current theoretical categories and labels attributed to cities. It develops this analysis by examining contemporary neoliberal urban policies in Skopje, Macedonia, which have become a new battlefield where interethnic conflicts unfold.     

The “New Urban Europe”: Global Challenges and Local Responses in the Urban Century

Modern cities in the open European space-economy are powerhouses of creative ideas, smart technologies, sustainable developments and socio-economic wealth. They play a pivotal role in the future of an urbanized Europe, but they are also confronted with grand challenges, notably far-reaching demographic transformations, environmental decay and climatological change, unequal social participation and ever-rising mobility trends. The challenges for urban environments may be turned into new opportunities, in particular, in such domains as advanced infrastructure and logistic systems, environmental and climate-neutral facilities, creative and knowledge-intensive strategies for socio-economic prosperity and well-being. Cities—and in particular metropolitan areas—may thus act as spearheads of sustainable economic growth for European countries. These observations call for appropriate long-range policy strategies for metropolitan areas—and networks of cities—in the highly diversified European space-economy. Such policy actions would need to be supported by solid, multidisciplinary and evidence-based research on the challenges and opportunities of urban environments in Europe. The main contribution of this paper lies in the systematic strategic approach to transform urban megatrends and challenges into research and policy concerns for Europe. The analytical framework employed to highlight and better understand such research and policy response in Europe from a typological perspective is built around four interconnected pillars (cornerstones) that form the focal points for identifying strategic future images that may be instrumental in mapping out the research and policy challenges for the “New Urban Europe”.     

基于地铁刷卡数据的城市通勤与就业中心吸引范围研究

地理时空大数据为通勤行为和城市空间结构研究带来了新的机遇。基于一周地铁刷卡数据,采用出行链（trip-chain）数据模型对用户一天的出行进行描述,建立通勤识别规则,识别出上海市域的职住空间和通勤格局。上海市域平均通勤时间为35 分钟,通勤主流向是向心流,说明上海市域依旧表现出强单中心结构。市域就业单中心与居住郊区化并存,中心城区多核心就业已经形成。在此基础上进一步分析中心城区13 个就业（次）中心的吸引范围、模式以及在整个市域的影响力,讨论多中心发展对职住平衡与通勤消减的意义。结果表明：多中心发展有利于城市通勤的合理分配,虽然次中心的平均通勤时间不一定减少,但是就业（次）中心已经表现出对邻近地区的通勤吸引和对主中心的通勤分流。     

Solutions and frictions in civic hacking: collaboratively designing and building wait time predictions for an immigration office

Smart and data-driven technologies seek to create urban environments and systems that can operate efficiently and effortlessly. Yet, the design and implementation of such technical solutions are full of frictions, producing unanticipated consequences and generating turbulence that foreclose the creation of friction-free city solutions. In this paper, we examine the development of solutions for wait time predictions in the context of civic hacking to argue that a focus on frictions is important for establishing a critical understanding of innovation for urban everyday life. The empirical study adopted an ethnographically informed mobile methods approach to follow how frictions emerge and linger in the design and production of queue predictions developed through the civic hacking initiative, Code for Ireland. In so doing, the paper charts how solutions have to be worked up and strategies re-negotiated when a shared motivation meets different data sources, technical expertise, frames of understanding, urban imaginaries and organisational practices; and how solutions are contingently stabilised in technological, motivational, spatiotemporal and organisational specificities rather than unfolding in a smooth, linear, progressive trajectory.     

南京市区活动空间总体特征研究——基于大数据的实证分析

大数据"时代的到来,提供了新的研究方法与研究视角。人作为信息化的主体,随着移动信息通信技术的快速发展以及信息通信设备的日益普及,人们在网络中遗留的带有地理空间信息的大规模"痕迹"成为重要的研究数据,并开始被地理学者广泛关注。本文尝试通过借助新浪微博,引入位置服务签到大数据分析南京市区活动空间的总体特征通过与基于城镇人口的空间等级对比研究发现活动空间等级的依赖与极化并指出信息时代下距离的二重作用是导致空间极化的最主要原因。     

细胞自动机及在南京城市演化预测中的应用

细胞自动机(Cellular Automata)是一种具有时空计算特征的动力学模型,其最主要的特点是复杂的系统可以由一些很简单的局部规则来产生,特别适合城市等空间复杂系统的时空动态模拟研究。本文利用地理信息系统(GIS)和细胞自动机的有机集成而构筑的CA-Urban模型模拟南京市的土地利用的动态演化过程。对南京三个开发区的发展以及南京能否跨江发展等存在争议的问题作了预测和评估。通过设置不同的转换规则、参数,从一个侧面为我们展示了城市系统的宏观演化的可能模式,为城市规划等提供了辅助决策。最后提出了模型的缺点及其展望。     

基于精明发展的城市扩张与土地利用效益的耦合研究——以济南市主城区为例

精明发展已成为国际化城市发展的主流。在精明发展理论的指导下，以区域中心城市济南为例，选取城市扩张与土地利用效益两个子系统，从空间形态、发展效率、外部影响、用地结构、人口变化、经济规模、公共服务和综合建设八个维度，测度济南市主城区城市扩张与土地利用效益的耦合协调关系。结果表明：①济南市城市扩张阶段性特征明显，扩张模式从单核心向多核心转变；②济南市土地利用效益总体水平较低，但其发展符合“低速-高速-平稳”的变化过程，且近年来呈持续优化趋势；③济南市城市扩张与土地利用效益不符合精明发展要求，城市扩张对土地利用效益的促进作用不足，二者间耦合协调度不高。