再论世纪末史学反思宗旨和雷戈的历史观

对于马克思主义史学工作者来说，世纪末史学反思必须坚持以马克思主义唯物史观作指导；史学反思的目的，从史学本身的发展角度来说，是为要繁荣和发展马克思主义史学，而不是抛弃马克思主义史学，刻意去创立什么“新史学”。雷戈先生的历史观在本质上是非马克思主义的，其所谓“哲学主义的历史”理论体系是建立在对马克思主义辩证唯物史现的否定基础之上的；其带有神定论色彩的衰退史观，是唯心主义历史观的一种表现形式。     

东西方“史学之父”之比较研究

希罗多德和司马迁是世界历史上久负盛名的两位史学家。希罗多德(前484—前425年)是古希腊的第一位历史学家,西方史学的奠基人,被誉为西方“史学之父”,其《历史》是西方史学界公认的第一部名副其实的历史著作。司马迁(前135—前93年)是我国西汉时代的史学家、文学家和思想家,是中国的“史学之父”,他穷毕生精力完成的《史记》奠定了我国纪传体史学的独立地位,是我国第一部具有世界影响的历史巨著。他们都是“创立历史研究的模范”犤1犦,无论就他们对东西方史学的贡献,或者就他们各自对后世的影响而言,两者都是完全可以相互媲美的。生平比较…     

史学的品格与历史学家的使命——章开沅教授访谈录

著名历史学家章开沅教授针对史学的现状及历史研究所面临的困境,立足于史学品格与历史学家使命的高度,阐释了自己独到的历史观。他认为,史学只有保持独立的科学品格,才能发挥其独特的社会功用;史学家只有保持独立的学者人格,达致“通识”与“圆融”的境界,才能表达对人类历史乃至宇宙生命的终极诉求;中国史学只有在研究视域、研究手段、研究团队等方面全球化、国际化,才能走向世界。     

李贽史学思想新探

历史从来就是思想家驰骋之域。思想家不仅需要向历史的纵深找寻理论依据,而且需要凭借历史的宽广舞台阐释和传播其学说。明末启蒙思想家李贽晚年潜心史学,臧否人物,纵论兴亡,提出了许多新颖灼见,开启了一代史学新风。但他在史学上的贡献长期未得到应有重视,本文旨在对此问题作一探讨。一、“不以孔子是非为是非”的史论原则     

“直笔”探微──中国古代史学求真观念的发展与特征

“求真”是史学的一个根本属性,“求真”观念的自觉标志着史学的自觉和独立发展。然而,历史撰述作为史家对历史的认识,其中包含着两方面的因素：一是独立于认识者而客观存在的“历史”,一是具有价值观念和个人情感的认识主体。因此,历史之“真”是什么,如何能求到“真”,就成了一个复杂的问题,这个问题在中西方史学发展历程中都倍受重视,反复予以探讨。可以说,中西方史学的发展都伴随着求真观念的演变与深化。“直书”是植根于中国古代史学传统,反映传统史学的求真观念的独特概念,它的形成、嬗变就是中国传统史学求真观念发展、…     

论英国现代史学研究的专业化

19世纪中后期,在兰克史学的影响下,以斯塔布斯为代表的英国历史学家开始重视对原始档案文献的运用,努力运用“科学化”的研究方法呈现历史真相。历史学成为独立学科后,英国大学培养了众多的专业历史学家,他们超越了原有的历史写作的精英主义传统。学术期刊的创办和学术组织的出现加强了专业历史学家之间的联系,确立了专业史学研究的学术标准,形成了严格的学术评价机制,英国现代史学研究专业化趋于完善。     

中国近代社会史研究的理论思考——兼论历史学的社会学化

“社会史的形成和把它划分为科学历史知识的独立领域都发生在20世纪上半期”。当代史学领域内这一巨大变动,推动了历史研究的日趋“下层化”和“大众化”。“社会史”的兴起,既是当代社会对于史学研究的一种时代呼唤,也是史学对这一时代要求的自     

真理与美学的实验室——历史表现论视域中的影像史学的历史教育价值论与方法论

海登·怀特的历史叙述主义和F. R.安克斯密特的历史表现论是当今西方史学理论与历史哲学领域并列的两大范式。有趣的是,海登·怀特的另一大史学创见——影像史学并未在其自身学说中获得最充分的理论价值,反而在安克斯密特的历史表现论视域下成为绝佳史学叙述载体。在历史表现论视域下,影像史学在知识传播和美学表现两方面都具备一种特殊的"实验性",即基于不确定条件的探索性。因此可以成为历史教育完成知识传播与文化渗透双重目标的重要手段,具有重要的理论和实践价值。相应的,也应具有较专门的方法论。     

革新开放以来越南史学的发展

1986年越南开启了革新开放时代,对其社会生活各领域产生了深刻的影响。越南史学作为社会意识形态的表现,深受越南社会变革的影响。为满足革新开放时代的变革要求,越南史学进行了深刻的总结和反思,逐渐减少教条主义、空洞说教、方法单调的弊病,开始借鉴和采用国际史学的理论与方法。打破单向性的思维模式,以更为开放的视角和评价标准重新认识诸多历史问题,从过去仅以越族为主体的历史认知和历史叙事转变为以宏观历史视野和当今国家疆域范围来建构越南历史,过去基本以政治史为主导的史学逐步转向以“总体史观”引领的史学,研究领域和具体层面得到拓展丰富。尽管出现这些积极的转变,但越南史学要实现进一步的发展,真正达到现代化、科学化、国际化,仍面临诸多困难,需要妥善应对理论与实践、史学与政治、传承与创新等多方面的挑战。     

论“古史辨”派史学评价的几个问题

本文阐述了史学界对“古史辨派”史学评论的历史,提出应从“古史辨”在中国近代史学史上的地位及历史使命、“古史辨”寓致用于求真的史学实践以及“古史辨”对历史认识特点的探讨等三个方面,来评价“古史辨”的实践与科学价值。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.