《契约华工史稿》一书出版

厦门大学南洋研究所吴凤斌撰写的《契约华工史稿》一书,将由江西人民出版社正式出版,全书约34万字,共分五编二十一章。第一编契约华工制的兴起,第二编东南亚地区的契约华工,第三编美洲地区的契约华工,第四编其他地区(澳洲、南太平洋地区、非洲和欧洲)的契约华工,第五编契约华工的历史贡献.     

中华民国时期华侨研究述评

华侨华人研究在20世纪曾4次引起学术界的兴趣,这均与世界经济和国际政治有密切关系。20世纪初,由于英国在南非引进契约华工开采金矿及美、澳等国的排华运动,华工的待遇、引进华     

契约华工历史话语的另一面:抗争与“越界”——以汤亭亭的《中国佬》为例

论文以美国华裔作家汤亭亭的作品《中国佬》为文本,在当时种族歧视的社会历史语境中,探讨了以伯公和阿公为代表的契约华工抗争和"越界"的行为与策略。以伯公为代表的夏威夷种植园契约华工以"捣蛋鬼"的形象,通过制造麻烦来拒绝被驯化,逾越"不许说话"的戒律;以阿公为代表的铁路契约华工,则通过罢工来争取和白人同工同酬的待遇。他们的"越界"行为既是对华工主体性的宣示,也是对现有契约华工历史话语的一种反拨。正是在不停地跨越或隐或明的边界的过程中,华人才逐步扩展自己在海外的生存空间,改变主流社会对华人的刻板印象。     

南非兰德罢工前后的阶级关系与种族主义

南非实行的种族隔离制度历来为国际社会瞩目。当前,南非在消除种族隔离制度方面已经迈出了可喜的步伐,但反对种族主义的斗争还是一项长期的任务。因为,南非种族主义的产生有其深刻的政治、经济原因,还有深远的历史根源。南非种族主义的产生、发展经历了一个漫长的历史过程,大致可以1922年兰德罢工和1948年国民党再次上台执政为界标划分为三个阶段。本文着重分析兰德罢工前后(1867—1948年)的阶级关系与种族主义的变化,希望对加深认识反种族主义斗争的艰巨性有所启迪。     

南非近现代研究述评

南非近现代研究述评李安山在非洲史的研究中,南非史几乎成了一门独立的学科分支。这一方面是由于南非特殊的历史发展进程所致,另外,复杂的现实政治和国际舆论的关注也使它有别于其他非洲国家。本文拟对近现代史的研究作一述评,以就教于史学界同仁。南非社会经历了种种...     

历史上的华工出国

一 华工出国的历史意义 华工是华侨的重要组成部分。凡是在国外靠体力劳动谋生受人剥削而不剥削他人的中国劳动人民都属于华工的范围。有自愿出洋的自由华工,而更多的是被强迫拐卖的契约华工。前者包括     

南非种族主义探源

目前,南非正处于新旧体制交替之际。南非这个当代世界唯一以公开立法形式推行种族主义统治、这个非洲大陆上最顽固的种族主义堡垒,于1991年废除《土地法》、《集团住区法》、《人口登记法》三大种族隔离制度后,为广大黑人争取民主权利打下了基础。但由于种族主义的历史影响,南非仍面临着复杂的斗争形势和艰巨的任务,比如南非黑人暴力冲突问题就是个突出的问题,1991年,南非死于暴力冲突的有2300人,1992年高达3000人,增长了30.49％。最近,南非又接连爆发骇人听闻的黑人冲突事件。因此,要深刻认识南非问题,有必要对影响南非的政治、历史主流的种族主义问题进行历史考察。     

把自己赶下台的南非总统

1989年8月14日,52岁的德克勒克出任南非总统.面对国际社会对南非种族隔离制度的谴责、经济制裁以及文化体育活动的抵制,尤其是南非国内此起彼伏的反抗,德克勒克认识到：南非已到了非变革不可的时候了,而要在变革中避免大规模流血冲突,仍在狱中已经服刑27年的曼德拉则是关键人物.德克勒克以一个政治家特有的胆略和远见,冲破重重阻力,毅然于当年12月13日前往监狱与曼德拉会晤.     

南非中国新移民面临的困境及其原因探析

本文在实证调查基础上,梳理了南非中国新移民面临的经济和社会问题,并在此基础上探讨了形成这种困境的内外部原因。从表面看来,中国新移民面临的问题直接来自于民族聚集区经济模式下的困境,民族聚集区经济强化了南非中国新移民的自我认同和族群边界,助长了他们普遍具有的＂过客＂心态,也使得他们逐渐面临众多经济、社会问题。然而,实质上,中国新移民的困境也与南非的社会政策大环境息息相关。南非《劳工法》对劳工的过度保护以及社会治安问题、警察腐败等社会大环境,成为中国新移民面临困境的外部原因。     

南非种族隔离制与阿非利卡人政治经济优势地位的确立

本文考察和分析了南非阿非利卡人政治经济优势与种族隔离制之间的内在历史联系。 2 0世纪初期的阿非利卡人陷入了深刻的经济危机 ,通过种族隔离制的选举制度 ,阿非利卡人控制了南非政权 ,确立了自身的政治优势地位 ,并在此基础上进一步强化经济领域中的种族隔离制政策法规 ,最终实现了阿非利卡人经济崛起的目标。     

Chinese Indentured Mine Labour and the Dangers Associated with Early 20th Century Deep‐level Mining on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines,South Africa

Trauma analysis in archaeological human remains can aid our understanding of cultural practices, socio‐economic status, environmental and social conditions, and even aspects of a person's occupation. For this reason, fracture patterns and frequencies can be useful in making inferences about the environment people lived and worked in. This is especially true for the 20th century mining industry where unskilled migrant labourers were often subjected to harsh working and living conditions. In this study, the skeletal remains of 36 Chinese indentured mine labourers, who worked and died on the Witwatersrand mines, South Africa, during the period ad 1904–1910, were assessed for evidence of trauma. Historical information suggests that these indentured Chinese labourers were unfamiliar with the workings of deep‐level mines and as a result sustained many work‐related injuries. Analyses suggest low frequencies of ante‐mortem trauma. In the few instances where they occurred, these healed fractures most probably reflect injuries already sustained in China, some time before Chinese indentured employment on the Witwatersrand mines. A high frequency of traumatic lesions, specifically peri‐mortem fractures, however, suggests a drastic shift in their working environment attesting to the hazardous working conditions associated with deep‐level mining in the early 20th century. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Community, Identity and Gender in Migrant Societies of Southern Africa: Emerging Epistemological Challenges

Immigration policy in South Africa is undergoing serious revision in response to unprecedented cross-border migration into the post-apartheid state. This article looks at the relevance of orthodox international relations theory to migration policy in South Africa, and argues that fundamental shifts in approach are essential if IR theorists of the region are to contribute effectively to understanding and managing migration in southern Africa. It builds on the results of interviews with migrants and considers the significance of the themes of identity, community and gender as areas of particular relevance to international relations theory.     

海贸与移民互动:17-18世纪闽南人移民海外原因分析--以闽南人移民台湾为例

17-18世纪是闽南人海外移民的高潮时期,也是台湾移民社会形成和发展时期.台湾移民以闽南人为主,可说是闽南社会在海峡对岸的延伸.推动闽南人移民海外的内因是明中叶以来的人口压力,而16世纪中叶欧人东来以后带动的商贸和东亚、东南亚沿海地区的开发使对中国商贩和劳力的需求大增,则是吸引闽南移民的拉力.在整个17-18世纪,始终存在着华人海上商贸和海外移民的互动.闽南人冒险、重商的人文精神,则是使这种推力与拉力作用得以实现的主观原因.17世纪20年代以来,由泉籍郑氏集团主导的海外华商网络和台湾开发则是台湾泉籍人多于漳籍人和泉籍人主导台湾商贸的主要原因,这与17-18世纪海外华商网络和华人社会以闽南人为主、闽南籍者又以泉府人居多是相一致的.     

Falling off the Map: South Africa,Antarctica and Empire,c. 1919–59

During the first half of the twentieth century, despatches about the coldest corner of the British Empire were circulated to three, sometimes four, of its southern neighbours under the British crown: Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Falklands. Of these four, South Africa seemed the least interested in Antarctica, despite the keen interest of some influential individuals and a strategy of bringing Antarctica into the imperial fold through British dominions that were proximate to Antarctica. In this context, we ask how South Africa viewed itself in relation to the Antarctic to the south and the British metropole to the north. We discuss the key activities that connected South Africa to Antarctica—whaling and weather forecasting. Moreover, we consider some of the enterprising plans for a South African National Antarctic expedition, and what these plans reveal of South Africa's perception of itself as a southern country. This article interlinks with a growing scholarship that is critical of treating Antarctic history as politically and culturally isolated, including showing how the relatively simple natural and political ecology of the Antarctic can throw into relief multiple national and international concerns.     

国际移民的定义与类别——兼论中国移民问题

详细评介了国际移民的学术定义;归纳其六大基本类别,指出不同类型的迁移可能相互转化;阐述了当代国际移民发展趋势,并将华侨华人研究置于国际移民的大背景下进行剖析;对由于缺乏对当代“国际移民”相关定义的基本了解而出现的明显错误给予了指正。     

The security of Africans beyond borders: migration,remittances and London's transnational entrepreneurs

This article provides an overview of selected aspects of how the economic security of growing numbers of Africans is linked to international migration. It first examines the emergence since 2005 of a new international policy discourse emphasizing the positive economic benefits of migration through remittance flows, the transfer of ideas and inward investment by migrants. The article outlines European policy responses to the recent upsurge in illegal Africa migration across the Mediterranean and examines the reaction of African governments and the Africa Union to increased migration and the enhanced dependence of African economies on remittance flows. The final section highlights the way in which the accelerated settlement of Africans in the UK prefigures longer term changes in the UK's relationship with Africa.     

英属北美殖民地契约移民性质新论

契约工制度是近代早期英国工场手工业时代劳动力的普遍雇佣方式。当英国人在北美创建殖民地之后,契约工并非是作为奴隶被引进的。一方面,契约工制度的运作始终未超出英国社会经济制度与法律体系的制约,殖民地不过是英国国内经济制度和劳动力市场的延伸;另一方面,在契约从签订到实施的全部过程中,价值规律在契约工交易、劳动力价格和工资等方面都有所体现。各殖民地的法律体系不仅凸显了私有财产不可侵犯的原则,而且也对契约工的社会地位和权利做出了周详的规定。雇主为榨取契约工剩余价值的残酷剥削行为确实存在,但因此在契约工制度上贴上奴隶制度的标签却有失偏颇。     

论南非早期华人与印度移民之异同

南非的华人和印度人之间既有相同点,又有不同点。一方面,他们生活在一块相对陌生的土地上,遇到了相同的困难,主要表现在种族歧视、经济困境、社会地位和政治权利等方面。作为“亚洲威胁者”,他们被非洲人视为到南非获取当地低工资的入侵者,而被白人当作贫穷的未开化的苦力。在面临生存危机时,他们总是团结起来与当地政府的种族歧视政策作斗争。另一方面,两个社群之间存在诸多差异。作为大英帝国的子民,印度人移民南非比中国人容易,因此比华人多得多;印度人在南非诸种族集团中处于一个比华人更明确的位置;印度人的宗教传统在社会生活中占有重要的地位。更为重要的是,印度早期移民中的不少知识分子极大地促进了印度人社区的整合,同时有利于印度人为获得自身权利而斗争。     

Campaigning Against Apartheid: The Rise,Fall and Legacies of the South Africa United Front 1960–1962

ABSTRACT

The international struggle against apartheid that emerged during the second half of the twentieth century made the system of legalised racial oppression in South Africa one of the world’s great moral causes. Looking back at the anti-apartheid struggle, a defining characteristic was the scope of the worldwide efforts to condemn, co-ordinate, and isolate the country. In March 1961, the international campaign against apartheid achieved its first major success when Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd chose to withdraw South Africa from the Commonwealth following vocal protests at the Heads of State Summit held in London. As a consequence, it appeared albeit briefly, that external pressure would effectively serve as a catalyst for achieving far-reaching and immediate political change in South Africa. The global campaign, centred on South Africa remaining in the Commonwealth, was the first of its kind launched by South Africa’s national liberation movements, and signalled the beginning of thirty years of continued protest and lobbying. The contributions from one organisation that had a role in launching and co-ordinating this particular transnational campaign, the South Africa United Front (SAUF), an alliance of liberation groups, have been largely forgotten. Leading members of the SAUF claimed the organisation had a key part in South Africa’s subsequent exit from the Commonwealth, and the purpose of this article is to explore the validity of such assertions, as well as the role and impact it had in generating a groundswell of opposition to apartheid in the early 1960s. Although the SAUF’s demands for South Africa to leave the Commonwealth were ultimately fulfilled, the documentary evidence suggests that its campaigning activities and impact were not a decisive factor; however the long-term significance of the SAUF, and the position it had in the rise of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) has not been fully recognised. As such, the events around the campaign for South Africa’s withdrawal from the Commonwealth act as a microcosm of developments that would define the international struggle against apartheid.