20世纪七八十年代美国黑人政治力量崛起的原因

20世纪七八十年代美国黑人政治力量的崛起,是美国政坛一个令人瞩目的现象。究其原因,是黑人大规模城市化、黑人中产阶级力量壮大、黑人政治意识增强及黑人合法主义传统等多方面因素综合作用的结果。当然,黑人政治力量的崛起只是初步性的,其实质是黑人中产阶级政治地位的提高。     

美国黑人的历史地位和现状

非洲人移居北美的过程,是人类历史上最灭绝人性的历史悲剧之一。因为他们不是作为人,而是被当作“会说话的牲口”运进北美的。 早期奴隶贸易 美国是个移民的国家,拥有世界各地的不同民族和种族的移民,但是只有非洲黑人是带着锁链来的。尽管历史学家给了他们一个不那么令人心惊肉跳的名称:“非自愿移民”,但是在这个“非自愿”的定语下,有着     

论B.T.华盛顿的妥协主义思想

布克·Ｔ．华盛顿是１９世纪末２０世纪初无可争议的美国黑人领袖。在内战后黑人的自由和权利都极为有限、极为脆弱,黑人生活环境举步维艰,白人种族主义势力甚嚣尘上的特定历史环境下,华盛顿提出了以调和主义、渐进主义为主要内容的妥协主义思想。这一思想代表了当时美国黑人领导阶层,尤其是南方黑人领导阶层的主导思想。华盛顿就黑人问题提出妥协主义思想,与他个人的经历,与当时美国社会的主流思想和文化观念,与他对当时美国社会种族关系的认识、黑人情况的评估以及对黑人未来前景的计划,均有着密切的关系。在当时历史条件下,华盛顿的妥协主义思想似乎比较保守,但从长远看,它具有一定的进步意义     

20世纪60年代美国黑人流行音乐的发展与历史背景

黑人在美国历史上起过非常重要的作用,也对美国经济文化的发展做出了巨大的贡献。20世纪60年代后,黑人走上电影银幕,走进歌坛,在美国文化的发展中进行着不懈努力,黑人在文化的各个领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。这一过程不仅仅是证明自身价值的历史,也是黑人不断争取平等、捍卫肤色荣誉的历史。     

南非白人政权的“分别发展”图谋和“黑人家园”的设立

20世纪60年代“班图斯坦”（黑人家园）的设立,是南非现代史上的一个重大事件。白人政权不遗余力地积极推行这一“创举”,在南非国内和国际上都引起了强烈的反响。“黑人家园”的设立可谓“意味深长”,它是种族主义的极端体现,在政治上“让步”的背后,是精心设计的经济上“分别发展”计划的实施。     

黑人女性的成长之路——浅析《他们眼望上苍》的女性主义思想

赫斯顿的代表作《他们眼望上苍》首次塑造了黑人文学史上具有独立意志和自觉行动力的黑人女性新形象。本文通过分析她对于爱情婚姻、妇女团结、性别与种族问题的思考,试论蕴含在作品中的黑人女性主义思想。     

16-19世纪澳门“黑人”来源考述

本文通过对大量中西文资料的整理、分析和考证后认为,16—19世纪澳门“黑人”的来源是多方面的,主要来自东南部非洲(包括西北非洲佛得角群岛)、伊朗(主要指霍尔木兹)、印度(主要指科罗曼德尔)及马拉巴尔、孟加拉、马六甲及帝汶。     

美国黑人高等教育的发展历程

美国黑人高等教育的发展,最初表现为黑人院校的建立与发展。黑人院校主要是指美国历史上的黑人学院和大学（Historically Black Colleges and Universities）,是专门为黑人接受高等教育而开办的两年制初级学院或提供学士学位教育的场所。绝大多数黑人院校创立于1964年之前,且得到州政府的认可。由于种族主义的存在,黑人院校成为美国黑人接受高等教育的惟一场所,且在相当长一段时间里代表了黑人高等教育的发展状况。直到20世纪60年代种族隔离制度被废除,实行黑人与白人合校,黑人高等教育才突破了“黑人院校”的局限。     

论美国殖民协会的性质

美国殖民协会是19世纪一个致力于将美国的自由黑人遣送回非洲的组织。它不是一个“仁慈的”、“人道的”组织,也不是一个废除奴隶制的机构。它的真实目的是通过将全部黑人驱逐出境,以建立一个纯白人的国家。它在本质上是种族主义的。它利用了美国社会普遍存在的种族主义,并对种族主义起到了推波助澜的作用。它是一个亲奴隶制的种族主义组织。     

20世纪初美国的“黑人文化热”现象

黑人自从来到美国后一直备受歧视,被视为低人一等的种族,并被排斥在美国主流社会生活之外。而在美国文化史上,黑人传统文化也一向被看作微不足道、比白人文化低一等的支流。然而,20世纪初,美国白人知识界曾出现过一阵“黑人文化热”,长期遭到鄙视的黑人传统文化第一次成为美国白人热衷的对象。还有不少白人知识分子开始严肃地看待黑人艺术,     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.