War-stained: British Combatants and Uniforms, 1914–18

Historians have long recognized the role of military uniforms in marking the transformation of civilians into servicemen. However, this was not a simple transition, completed the moment individuals put on service dress shortly after enlistment. Rather, the process of transformation continued throughout servicemen’s lives in the military, reflecting changed circumstances that might include a move to a different war theatre, promotion, or illness and injury. Focusing on the experiences of British soldiers during the First World War, this article explores the meanings of uniforms as servicemen were transformed from raw recruits into experienced combatants. It questions the extent to which the stained and worn uniforms that seemed the inevitable outcome of front line duty were seen as consistent with the manly heroism expected of soldiers, paying attention not only to the army authorities’ insistence on ‘spit and polish’, but especially to combatants’ perceptions of the effect of dirt on their own identities and sense of self. Thus, this article argues, the transformation into combatants involved potentially dangerous and degrading encounters with dirt and vermin, but also the development of strategies — centred on bodies and on uniforms — that sought to counter the threat of long-term harm and pollution.     

长城攀登者游憩专业化与地方依恋关系之研究

文章应用游憩专业化理论概念并结合地方依恋理论概念,针对八达岭长城攀登者在长城攀登活动游憩专业化及其对八达岭长城地方依恋的程度进行实证分析。研究结果表明,根据八达岭长城攀登者游憩专业化程度的差异可将其划分为专业投入型、认知技巧型、情感依恋型、爱好入门型与偶发玩票型等五种游憩专业化类型攀登者;此外,八达岭长城攀登者游憩专业化行为程度越高,其对八达岭长城的地方依恋强度越低;而游憩专业化情感程度越高,其对八达岭长城的地方依恋强度越高。     

统万城遗址近几年考古工作收获

本文总结了统万城2006年以来考古调查、钻探、发掘及测绘工作的收获。外郭城的调查和确认、护城壕的发现填补了人们对统万城认识的欠缺,西城西门瓮城的发掘、蒙元时期居址的发现等充实和完善了统万城的基础资料。全站仪结合GYS全球定位系统测绘、无人机低空遥感测绘为统万城的研究提供了资料。     

甘肃东千佛洞二窟和七窟壁画使用颜料的研究

采用现代分析测试技术,对甘肃东千佛洞西夏和元代壁画的24个颜料样品进行了分析检测,查明了绘制壁画所使用颜料成分,并对壁画制作工艺和病害机理进行了探讨。     

明清时期北京的街巷及其修治

明清时期的北京由街巷构成了二级交通网络,街有"大街"、"街"和"小街"之分,而作为次级的巷也有不同的称呼。街巷大多为土路,铺石者仅限于城市的干道。土质道路给京城居民带来了诸多的不便,也对京城环境造成了相当大的污染。面对街道的损坏及污秽,明代有过大力度的整治,最终"以艰谢事"。进入清代,统治者将街巷的维护和对原有石路的修治摆在了首位,并于雍乾时期完成了北京主要干道的石砌工程。但由于各方面条件的限制,街道的完全改观已是近代的事情。     

论宁夏长城的保护性旅游开发

长城是历史的巨大遗赠,是中国永远不倒的旅游王牌。宁夏自古为祖国北部边防前线和边塞要地,历代修筑长城的总长度达1500多公里,素有\"天然长城博物馆\"之称。这些长城遗迹已越来越受到破坏,无论是从历史文化保护,或从旅游开发角度都应纳入宁夏总体规划之中,并作为宁夏可持续旅游的优先发展领域。为此,宁夏应在加强保护的基础上,选择不同代表地段加以维护和仿造,采用\"长城徒步游\"、\"自行车长城游\"、\"越野车长城游\"、\"直升飞机空中长城游\"等不同旅行方式,推出\"历代长城大系游\"、\"原始长城风情游\"、\"沿黄河长城游\"、\"沿公路长城游\"、\"沿沙漠长城游\"等。     

万里长城的地理界线意义

长城,不仅是中华民族古老文化的象征,而且是一条实际存在的重要地理界线。历代长城的布设都是以自然地理环境为基础,其走向与我国半湿润与干旱气候分界线基本一致。因此,长城也就成为我国农区和牧区分界线的标志。长城的延伸或回退,基本上反映了农区与牧区的扩张或收缩。从政治地理的角度来考察长城。可以认为,它是我国历史上各民族政治力量相互对峙、较量形成的\"力\"的平衡带,长城,一方面发挥了分隔两个政治单元的功能,它们延伸或收缩在一定程度上反映了两种力量对比的变化;另一方面,在先进与落后两种势力的对撞中.客观上却促进了相互间经济和文化的交流,促进了不同民族的融合。今日长城作为领土扩张和防御的军事设施作用已不复存在。但是长城在地理上的许多界限指标意义仍然存在,它依然是许多地理事物的敏感地区。     

Experimental Study on the Seismic Performance of Superimposed RC Shear Walls with Enhanced Horizontal Joints

The seismic performance of superimposed reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls is decreased by rocking behavior and damage concentration at the horizontal joint. An enhanced horizontal joint method is proposed to improve the corresponding seismic performance. To validate the reliability of the proposed method, three full-scale superimposed walls and a cast-in-place shear wall (for comparison) are designed and tested under the quasi-static load. The test results indicate that the rocking phenomenon can be prevented using the proposed method, and the seismic performance of superimposed RC shear walls with enhanced horizontal joints is comparable to that of the cast-in-place RC shear walls.     

南京狮子山段损伤城墙的加固对策研究

为探索南京城墙科学保护对策及加固技术方法,针对狮子山的地形特征和城墙建造特点,通过城墙本体损伤调查和山体地质勘探,对狮子山段城墙再次发生局部坍塌原因进行了分析;采用传统造城工艺与现代加固技术修复坍塌墙体,恢复了城墙与山体的排水系统;对墙体裂缝病害进行安全监测,改善了该段城墙的生存环境.此方法可为进一步研究同类城墙保护提供技术参考.     

The equally “bad” French and English farmers of Quebec: New TFP measures from the 1831 census

New TFP estimates drawn from the neglected census of 1831 for Lower Canada are used to test the controversial (but still dominant) traditional “poor French farmers” explanation for a prolonged economic crisis. The new evidence shows that French-speaking areas were equally as productive as English-speaking areas, something that upturns the established consensus and reinforces the minority viewpoint that culture had little to do with the crisis. Using a broad range of controls, the researchers find that this conclusion is robust and that other variables such as settlement recency, environment, and economic structure were much more significant determinants of TFP. These results warrant the abandonment of the cultural explanation and a shift toward other explanatory channels.     

传统西藏壁画表面涂层材质与工艺研究

在前期对甘肃拉卜楞寺壁画表面涂层结构分析基础上,以桐油、亚麻油、胡麻油等干性油为基础材料,试验重现了制作西藏壁画表面涂层的\"古法\"清漆熬制方法和工艺。同时,提出了一种源于\"古法\",吸收现代油基树脂漆优点,具有良好材料结构且组成可知、可控、兼容等特点的清漆材料及其工艺(\"新古法\")。研究表征了\"古法\"\"新古法\"清漆的结构,评价了清漆涂层的颜色、外观、光学性质、艺术效果、耐候性等,并与现代合成的醇酸清漆、氟碳清漆、酚醛清漆等做了对比。结果表明,\"古法\"\"新古法\"清漆在达到与合成清漆相同化学稳定性、耐候性的同时,具有更好的兼容性和表现效果,可用于今后西藏壁画表面涂层材料的修复。     

金塔县长城破坏风险影响因素调查与研究

本文以甘肃省金塔县为对象,对长城资源调查工作所记录的长城遗迹进行抽样复查。对长城本体存状及变化情况、长城所处环境、破坏因素、保护管理状况等进行记录与分析,并从中分辨出长城破坏的主要原因,以期对长城遗产的合理监测提供依据,为长城保护工程下一阶段工作的开展奠定基础。