Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments

Recent fieldwork has considerably increased our knowledge of early Holocene settlement in Southwest Arabia. Neolithic settlement occurred within an environmental context of increased monsoonal moisture that continued during the mid-Holocene. A now well-attested Bronze Age exemplified by village- and town-scale settlements occupied by sedentary farmers developed toward the end of the mid-Holocene moist interval. The high plateau of Yemen was an early focus for the development of Bronze Age complex society, the economy of which relied upon terraced rain-fed and runoff agriculture. On the fringes of the Arabian desert, the precursors of the Sabaean literate civilization have been traced back to between 3600 and 2800 B.P., and even earlier, so that a virtually continuous archaeological record can now be described for parts of Yemen. In contrast to the highlands these societies relied upon food production from large-scale irrigation systems dependent upon capricious wadi floods. Bronze Age settlement, while showing some links with the southern Levant, now shows equal or stronger linkages with the Horn of Africa across the Red Sea. Although some regions of Yemen show breaks in occupation, others show continuity into the Sabaean period when a series of major towns grew up in response to the incense trade with the north. It is now clear that these civilizations grew up on the foundations of earlier Bronze Age complex societies.     

Political economy and archaeology: Perspectives on exchange and production

Traditional approaches to the study of political economy are flawed in two respects. First, traditional approaches have submerged political economy within a discussion of political development and the evolution of complex society. Second, they have emphasized single dimensions of the economy such as production or distribution of resources as being the basis for political power. Current research has demonstrated that political economies are a mix of many different resource mobilization strategies that crosscut the production, service, and distribution sectors of the society. Archaeologists must attempt to identify this mix of strategies as a first step in reconstructing the structure of prehistoric political economy. Elites strive to control and mobilize resources from as many different sources as possible and invoke a common set of principles in doing so. These principles or components of the political economy are the accumulation, context, matrix control, and ideology principles. They are identified here as common mechanisms of resource creation, manipulation, and expropriation that can be applied to societies at different times and at different levels of organization.     

Globalizing China: The Rise of Mainland Firms in the Global Economy

Two economic geographers survey the changing trends of China's outward foreign direct investment. Based on materials derived from original field work as well as published studies, they shed light on the major mechanisms through which mainland China's leading firms have successfully ventured abroad, as evidenced by proposed or realized acquisitions of significant corporate entities in the United States, Africa, Europe, and elsewhere in Asia. The authors argue for a political-economy approach to understanding "globalizing China," a complex phenomenon whereby the Chinese state is strategically and intricately enmeshed with the corporate interests of its leading business firms. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F23, L21, L22, M16. 3 figures, 3 tables, 128 references.     

古蜀文明遗址

公元前4世纪,古蜀国在秦国统一中国的进程中被征服,其文化逐渐淹没在中国中心地区的主流文化之中。其历史和文化的重建主要依赖于考古资料。由三星堆遗址、金沙遗址和商业街大墓及其自然环境构成的申报世界文化遗产项目的古蜀文明遗址,充分展现了公元前19世纪至前4世纪古蜀国辉煌的青铜文明,为已经消逝的古蜀国历史、传统提供了实物见证。     

中原、南方政权对高句丽的管辖册封及高句丽改称高丽时间考

高句丽民族是我国东北地区的古老少数民族之一。公元前37年,高句丽建立政权,但仍和原高句丽族一样,继续归汉玄菟郡或辽东郡管辖。四郡削弱之后,高句丽政权又连续接受中原、南方政权的册封,完全形成了一种惯例和制度。高句丽的名称后改称高丽,改称的时间,严格地说,是在5世纪末。宽而言之。则是5世纪。     

三峡地区次生堆积剖析的考古学实践

一、前言 在田野考古发掘过程中,经常遇到的地层学现象是“早期堆积在下面,晚期堆积在上面;晚期的堆积叠压或打破早期的堆积。”①但是,考古实践中也有与此相反的情况,即上文化层及遗物早于下文化层及遗物,呈现出一种与常规地层学相悖的现象。这就不能不引起我们的思考。     

明朝公祭文文本的政治文化内涵

祭文是祭祀仪式过程中使用的祝祷性文字。明代史籍中保存了大量国家公祭文,按内容可分为常规性祭文与临时性祭文两类。祭文在公祭仪式中被宣读、呈案、焚烧或掩埋,此为祭祀过程的重要环节之一。公祭文文本传递出重要的文化内涵：首先,它以言辞形式传达出祭祀主体之意图,沟通了人神关系;其次,对祭祀主体之身份和统治之正统合法性进行反复强化;再次,表达祈福弥灾,规约官民,震慑鬼类的意图。此外,祭祀文中的各种对象关系展现出时人复杂而微妙的天、神,君、臣、人、鬼观。在祭祀仪式上使用祭文使上述内涵得到彰显,进而增强了群体意识中的“神圣”体悟。     

The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Economics and Society

When scholars consider Spanish colonialism in the Philippines their impressions are based largely on documentary evidence of their 377-year colonial presence and on romanticized impressions of the larger Spanish empire. In the New World, wherever Europeans settled, there is a clear break in the archaeological sequence of pre-Columbian cultural traditions. In the systemic context these changes continue to be evidenced in architectural style, city plan, and diet. Today, however, archaeologists working in Luzon, Cebu, and Mindanao are revealing vast differences between the nature of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines and that seen in the Americas. There, the remoteness of the colony from Europe, combined with its geographical position on the doorstep of China, created a unique Spanish colonial adaptation that reveals the significance of Asia in the world economic order.     

论美国城市政治集团的兴衰

政治集团是19世纪中后期至20世纪前期活跃于一些美国大城市的腐败政治组织。19世纪美国城市的快速发展和外国移民的大批涌入为职业政客提供了进行权利交易的大量机会和条件,导致了政治集团在很多大城市兴起。随着城市政治改革运动的兴起与发展,加之美国社会的进步,政治集团逐渐失去了活动空间,走向衰落。     

现代国际体系的起源——从体系与单位双重视野出发的论述

通过对中世纪欧洲国际秩序及其原则的追述,从体系和单位双重视野出发考察现代国际体系的起源,我们发现,随文艺复兴时代意大利国际体系的崩溃,西方国际构造的重心发生了从意大利和地中海西移到北大西洋东岸的转移,全球性政治经济初露端倪;而现代强国的最初浮现与形成,则明显地具有它们作为最初的领土集中的现代民族国家这一根本特征。运用体系和单位双重视野,我们还可以获得如下认识:(1)使得现代国际体系的起源具有重大复杂性甚而曲折性的主要因素,相当集中地寓于与西欧现代强国并立的哈布斯堡"传统型半旧帝国";(2)在这起源时代若干萌发中的新要素,很大程度上规定了现代国际体系未来长期演进的基本方向和主要特征。     

Agglomeration and the Local State: The Tobacco Economy of Yunnan, China

This paper explores the interplay of local state action with historical contingency, innovation and external economies in the world's largest tobacco-producing region – Yunnan, China. Formed in a relatively unindustrialized province and promoted by local authorities as their primary revenue base, Yunnan's tobacco economy gained a headstart through concentrated resource support and ad hoc regulatory flexibility. Its further growth has drawn greatly on intraregional spillovers of knowledge of locally based institutional innovation, which foster and enhance conventional forms of external economies. Implications for the study of regional economies are discussed.     

Seventeenth-Century Vehicle of the Middle Passage: Archaeological and Historical Investigations on the Henrietta Marie Shipwreck Site

This study describes the archaeological investigations that have taken place at the wreck site of the English slave ship Henrietta Marie (1700) since its location in 1972. Information is provided on the methodology utilized during on-site archaeological data recovery, and the artifacts retrieved from the wreck site are described in detail. An account of complimentary documentary research on this wrecked slaver is also presented. Contemporary historical data gleaned from shipping lists, slaver’s logs, seamen’s wills and other sources are utilized to place Henrietta Marie within her proper context as a vehicle involved in the notorious transatlantic slave trade.     

从陶寺城址的考古新发现看我国古代文明的形成

陶寺的墓地、城垣和宫殿、大型观象祭祀基址表明其已经具备王都的规模和规格,比夏朝提前了300年-400年.我国文明形成的要素有城市和宫殿、严格的等级和礼制、祭祀权力的垄断等.其中祭祀权力的作用最重要.     

近代早期英国海外贸易的兴起

近代早期英国海外贸易由弱到强不断得到发展。从最初伦敦与安特卫普之间的呢绒贸易,到17世纪中后期大西洋商业体系的初步形成,英国海外贸易经历了三个不同的历史阶段,并最终建立了殖民地贸易模式。这为英国实现海上强国的梦想,并成功地走向近代社会,意义重大,影响深远。     

也谈应监甗

应监是监督殷遗民而非监督武庚,更非监督应国国君。在周王朝平定"武庚、管、蔡之乱"后,位于山西境内"武之穆(周武王之子)"的封国——应国,因其地邻近殷朝旧都安阳,而被周公与成王赋予监督殷遗民的新使命,"应监"可能是管蔡之乱后,应国国君应叔兼领监督殷遗民任务之时的称谓,南迁后的应国地处周王朝南疆,其国君仍然称为应侯,之所以称为应公者,则是因为他曾兼任周王室的卿士。     

Archaeological trends in the Southern Cone of South America

Current major research directions and findings in three areas of Southern Cone archaeology are discussed: (1) the entry of humans in Late Pleistocene times and early hunter-gatherer society, (2) the emergence of chiefdom societies, and (3) the Inca state. These themes are considered broadly in terms of local and interregional models of economic mobility and sociopolitical organization. Although emphasis is given primarily to the Andean regions of Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia, new studies and developments in the Argentinian Pampa and Patagonia are discussed.     

中世纪西欧教会法对教会与国家关系的理解和规范

本文依据中世纪西欧《教会法大全》讨论当时教会与国家的关系。中世纪的教会法学家和教皇们有一种二元论的政治理论 ,认为世俗政权和以教皇为首的教会领导机构应该有各自不同的势力范围 ,前者负责国家的治理 ,后者负责宗教事务。他们以为这一理论有利于教会和国家保持良好的合作关系。为了划分清楚教会和国家的权威范围 ,教会法学家把教会法界定为独立的法律体系。在复杂的现实政治中 ,对世俗权力和宗教权力做这种区分是极为困难的。