Counting them in,not out: Surveying Farm Women about Agricultural Leadership

This paper examines the efficacy of the survey method to investigate questions relating to women and agricultural leadership. I begin by reviewing the feminist critique of the survey using examples from the literature on farming women. I then describe two particular difficulties I encountered in surveying farm women about agricultural leadership in the Australian sugar industry. The first difficulty is the problem of constructing a sample of farm women using official data sources that is representative of the diversity of women in agriculture. The second difficulty is the impact that gendered agricultural identities may have on survey completion rates. The paper argues that, if we are to count farming women ‘in’, rather than ‘out’ when studying agricultural politics, we need to engage with methods which will be inclusive of the diversity of women in farming and which will also give consideration to the construction of gendered identities in agriculture.     

Labour Control in the Tobacco Agro‐spaces: Migrant Agricultural Workers in South‐Western Ontario

International labour migration programs provide a vulnerable workforce that services various sectors in developed economies. The agriculture sector is one arena in which the employment of migrant workers has become more pervasive. Annually, approximately 30,000 workers are employed in the Canadian agriculture sector through the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP). In this paper, I focus on the SAWP workers in tobacco farming, and investigate the ways that labour control is achieved on two small‐scale farms. I draw upon original empirical evidence from interviews with three Mexican and nine Jamaican workers, two union representatives, and two farm owners in South‐Western Ontario, Canada. My findings show that various factors at multiple scales shape the labour control regime and significantly advantage farm owners over workers. Based on my findings, I argue that the labour control regime is conditioned exogenously by multi‐scalar factors and generated endogenously at the point of production.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Journals of Captain James Cook: Volume 111 the Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery, 1776–1780, Parts one and two, edited by J. C. B eaglehole
Models in Geography, edited by R ichard J. C horley and P eter H aggett
Introduction to Geography: Selected Readings, edited by F red E. D ohrs and L awrence M. S ummers
Physical Geography: Selected Readings, edited by F red E. D ohrs and L awrence M. S ummers
Cultural Geography: Selected Readings, edited by F. E. D ohrs and L awrence M. S ummers
River Plains and Sea Coasts, by R. J. R ussell
Japan Advances—a Geographical Study, by P rue D empster
Urban Development in Canada, by L eroy O. S tone
An Advanced Geography of Northern and Western Europe, by R. J. H arrison C hurch , P eter H all , G. R. P. L awrence , W. R. M ead , and A lice M utton
Human Dimensions of Weather Modification, edited by W. R. D errick S ewell     

Reviews/Comptes rendus

Main Street: Windsor to Quebec City , by M aurice Y eates
A Geographical Analysis and Classification of Canadian Prairie Agriculture , by P eter L aut
L'Economie des Etats-Unis , by J acques S oppelsa
Regional Development in Western Europe , edited by H ugh D. C lout , John Wiley
Glacial Geomorphology (2nd ed.), by C lifford E mbleton and C uchlaine A.M. K ing
Macmillan, Toronto, 1975, vi + 573 pp., paper $28.00 Periglacial Geomorphology (2nd ed.), by C lifford E mbleton and C uchlaine A.M.
The People of Hamilton, Canada West: Family and Class in a Mid-nineteenth Century City , by M ichael B. K atz
Mathematics for Geographers and Planners , by A.G. W ilson and M.J. K irkby     

Interpreting the expansion of sea fishing in medieval Europe using stable isotope analysis of archaeological cod bones

Archaeological fish bones reveal increases in marine fish utilisation in Northern and Western Europe beginning in the 10th and 11th centuries AD. We use stable isotope signatures from 300 archaeological cod (Gadus morhua) bones to determine whether this sea fishing revolution resulted from increased local fishing or the introduction of preserved fish transported from distant waters such as Arctic Norway, Iceland and/or the Northern Isles of Scotland (Orkney and Shetland). Results from 12 settlements in England and Flanders (Belgium) indicate that catches were initially local. Between the 9th and 12th centuries most bones represented fish from the southern North Sea. Conversely, by the 13th to 14th centuries demand was increasingly met through long distance transport – signalling the onset of the globalisation of commercial fisheries and suggesting that cities such as London quickly outgrew the capacity of local fish supplies.     

西北地区特色农业发展潜力与定位分析

西北地区地域广阔,地貌类型多样,具有发展特色农业的比较优势。然而,受自然条件、资源禀赋、市场容量、增收潜力、粮食安全与生态环境等因素的综合制约,不宜高估西部特色农业发展的潜力。从区域宏观层面进行西北特色农业发展潜力的客观评价,对于利用有限资金,适度发挥特色农业资源的比较优势,科学协调农村脱贫致富与生态环境保护关系,促进区域社会经济可持续发展,具有重要的战略意义。     

鄂、西鄂、东鄂辨证——兼论湖北称鄂之由来

基于考古资料并结合前人研究成果,梳理了乡宁之鄂、沁阳之鄂、随州之鄂、南阳之鄂的地望变迁。西周早期为南控南淮夷、荆蛮,周封鄂于今随州。周夷王时,将鄂迁徙到今河南南阳市宛城区新店乡西鄂故城一带,周代南土防线亦随之收缩。约在春秋早期楚将南阳盆地纳入政治版图之时鄂国已消亡。战国中期前后,西鄂为楚封鄂君之地。垂沙之役后,鄂君东迁大冶鄂王城,始有东鄂。秦及汉初于东鄂故地设鄂县,其后又在南阳鄂国故地设县,因江夏先有鄂县,故称南阳之鄂为西鄂。湖北简称鄂与西周时期随州鄂国或南阳西鄂并无直接关系,而是与行政区划变迁及武昌九省通衢的地位日渐重要有关。武昌有“鄂”之别称,是湖北省简称鄂的直接原因。     

Early farming in hordaland,western Norway. Problems and approaches in archaeology and pollen analysis

This article discusses the evidence of farming settlements in Neolithic times in the county of Hordaland, in western Norway, and possible ways for future research to establish the introduction of a farming economy, with its cultural and ecological implications.

Using distribution maps, Bakka demonstrates how the people of the mainly hunting and fishing sub‐Neolithic dwelling‐place culture of the Middle Neolithic period preferred a coastal area of habitation, while the find groups of Neolithic artifacts are generally to be found in those areas more suitable for farming. This change of habitat is interpreted as evidence of a general change in economic structure, with a greatly increased emphasis on agriculture.

Kaland discusses the Sub‐Boreal history of vegetation in Hordaland as revealed by pollen analysis. The earliest phase of agriculture in the pollen diagrams is dated in relation to the pollenanalytical leading horizons, the shore‐line displacement, radiocarbon measurements and the archaeological chronology. He puts forward the working hypothesis that in the sub‐Neolithic culture of the Middle Neolithic period some animal husbandry may have been practised in zone VIII b as a supplementary means of livelihood, and that this was followed by a phase of cereal growing in zone VIII c. The Late Neolithic culture appears to be responsible for this more intensive mixed farming, and this corresponds to the archaeological evidence of the introduction of cereal cultivation, which demands the better‐soils of the later farming land.     

Reviews/Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article:
Australian Agriculture: Resource Development and Spatial Organization (Geography of World Agriculture, Vol. 9), by P eter S cott
Canadian Agriculture (Geography of World Agriculture, Vol. 10), by M.J. T roughton
Rural Settlement in an Urban World , by M ichael B unce
Kanada einfach. Die Bauern verlassen die Schweiz , by W erner C atrina
Politics, Geography and Behaviour , by R ichard M uir and R onan P addison
Political Studies from Spatial Perspectives: Anglo-American Essays on Political Geography , edited by A lan D. B urnett and P eter J. T aylor
Spatial Analysis, Industry and the Industrial Environment: Volume 2 - International Industrial Systems , edited by F.E.I. H amilton and G.J.R. L inge
Handbook of Snow: Principles, Processes, Management and Use , edited by D.M. G ray and D.H. M ale     

Reviews/Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article:
Themes in Geographic Thought , edited by M ilton E. H arvey and B rian P. H olly
Timber Colony: A Historical Geography of Early Nineteenth-Century New Brunswick , by G raeme W ynn
Hopeful Travellers: Families, Land, and Social Change in Mid-Victorian Peel County, Canada West , by D avid G agan
National and Regional Economic Development Strategies: Perspectives on Canada's Problems and Prospects , edited by B arry W ellar
Agrometeorology , by J. S eemann , Y.I. C hirkov , J. L omas , and B. P rimault
Geomorphological Techniques , edited by A ndrew G oudie     

定居与近代蒙古族农业的变迁

清末放垦以前,蒙古族的农业种植业属于一种附属于游牧业的农业,带有明显的粗放经营特色。随着蒙地 的放垦,人口压力的增加,蒙族生态与社会发生了重大变化。 一个重要标志是定居的发生,从移动式蒙古包转向固定式蒙 古包或汉式土房子。在居住方式变化的同时,蒙族的产业也发 生变化。游牧业的萎缩使之逐渐接受农业,但一开始的农业仍 是传统的粗放农业,随着人口压力的进一步增加,种植业才逐 步集约化。     

Reviews Comptes rendus

Book reviewed in this article:
Urban Systems Development in Central Canada: Selected Papers, edited by L. S. B ourne and R. D. M ac K innon
A Citizen's Guide to City Politics, by J ames L orimer
Zambia in Maps, edited by D. H ywel D avies
China's Changing Map, by T heodore S habad
The Barn: A Vanishing Landmark in North America, by E ric A rthur and D udley W itney
Environment and Land Use in Africa, edited by M. F. T homas and G. W. W hittington
The Hazardousness of a Place, by K enneth H ewitt and I an B urton
Introduction to Geomorphology, by A listair F. P itty
Hillslope Form and Process, by M. A. C arson and M. J. K irkby
Slopes, by A. Y oung
The Mechanics of Erosion, by M. A. C arson
Soil Geography, by J ames G. C ruickshank
Sozialgeographie. Eine disziplingeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Entwicklung der Anthropogeographie. Mit einer Bibliographie, by E ckhard T homale
The Atmospheric Environment: A Study of Comfort and Performance, by A ndris A uliciems     

Industrial Archaeology in Western Europe: A Bibliography

Abstract

This bibliography lists books and articles covering industrial archaeology throughout Western Europe, excluding the British Isles. While it cannot claim to be complete, it is offered in the hope that it will be of some help to those concerned with industrial archaeology outside the British Isles. Its arrangement is simple. After a brief general section, the bibliography is divided alphabetically by country and within each country societies are listed first followed by books and articles on the industrial archaeology of that country.     

Smells like politics: planning and the inconvenient politics of intensive peri‐urban agriculture

Intensive farming is an increasing part of Australian agriculture, including in the multi‐functional landscapes at the edges of Australian cities. The example of intensive “broiler” poultry production reveals the tensions that arise when sites of hyper‐productivity conflict with social change in rural areas. Planning processes for intensive farming in the Australian state of Victoria are predicated on stability and consensus: on assumed static and uncontroversial ideas of agriculture, its place, and the primacy of agricultural productivity. Yet concerns about the industrialisation of agriculture are live political issues at the local level, especially in dynamic peri‐urban locations. This paper explores the emergence of a politics of place outside the bounds of planning consensus through an analysis of planning appeals and associated media relating to planning permits for intensive poultry developments in Victoria over 2011–2016. We highlight tensions that exist in relation to technical planning assessments and categorisations used to assert farming as the orthodox use of rural land, especially when new forms of farming look and feel demonstrably different. Using Mouffe's problematising of the negation of antagonism and Rancière's notion of the risks of a false consensus democracy, we argue that planning processes for intensive farming illustrate critical issues in participatory planning. While ostensibly post‐political decision‐making narrows the politics of place and food systems to decisions about policing the boundaries and buffer distances placed around intensive poultry developments, alternative representations of rural life persist. The certainty offered by code‐based planning does not negate the ongoing (if inconvenient) politics of intensive peri‐urban agriculture.     

Interview with Gilbert C. Fite

Born in 1918, reared and educated in South Dakota, Gilbert C. Fite took his Ph.D. at the University of Missouri. He is a historian of U.S. agriculture, particularly the impact of technology, economics, and politics on midwestern and southern farming since the late nineteenth century. He has written nine books, co-authored seven more, edited three volumes, and published over sixty articles. Former president of Eastern Illinois University, the Agricultural History Society and the Southern and Western Historical Associations, Fite has long been very active in Phi Alpha Theta and served as its president from 1981–1983. He taught at the University of Oklahoma for twenty-six years and held the Richard B. Russell Professorship of American History at the University of Georgia for a decade. He and his wife, June, were married in 1941, have two sons, and live in Bella Vista, Arkansas, where this interview was conducted by Roger Adelson in August 1993.     

Archaeological Pragmatics

In the course of the 9th century areas in Western Europe were conquered by the Vikings. The Isles of Orkney were settled by Norwegians and became a stronghold. Some possible economic characteristics of Orkney have been considered in an attempt to gain insight into how the local resources might have: been exploited and into the contact between Norway‐Orkney and The British Isles.     

Fishing: Evidence for Seasonality and Processing of Fish for Preservation in the Northern Isles of Scotland During the Iron Age and Norse Times

Abstract

Evidence from fish remains recovered from two sites in the Northern Isles of Scotland is compared to modern data on fish ecology and ethnographic evidence to assess seasonality in terms of resource availability and its implications for economic activities.     

The politics of wetlandscape: fishery heritage and natural conservation in Hong Kong

The north‐western part of Hong Kong is a marsh with traditional freshwater fish farming; however, this brackish area has been agriculturally diversified to include cultivation of red rice, reeds, shrimp and fish, and has only largely concentrated on freshwater fish farming starting from the 1960s. By looking into the geographical and social changes that have taken place in the brackish area, I will explain how the coastal landscape was changed in the 1910s through the introduction of large‐scale rice production in Tin Shui Wai which has turned into a high‐density residential new town, and the wetland conservation of Mai Po marshes. This article aims at understanding the meanings of intangible as well as agricultural/fishery heritage and the local politics among indigenous communities, conservation groups, the government and developers in post‐handover Hong Kong society. Inland freshwater pond cultivation was actually a major industry in the 1970s since it supplied most of the freshwater fish for the local market. Nowadays, the industry is shrinking because of lack of manpower and high operation costs compared to the mainland. With various kinds of social, economic and physical pressures, the local communities which are located at the buffer areas of the wetland in Mai Po are actually facing the tremendous dangers of losing those fishponds; most importantly, the fishponds have been serving not only as mitigation zone and source of a traditional local food but also as a major food supplier for migratory birds, adding to the conservation value of the Mai Po marshes and Inner Deep Bay in Hong Kong at large.     

论西汉中后期冬小麦在关中的推广

在农业发展史上,任何农作物的推广与普及,都离不开适合该作物生长的自然环境,但同时也需要技术与社会条件的推动。西汉中后期冬小麦之所以能在关中地区获得推广,不仅仅因为其具有高产、旱作的特性,还在于它适应了当时关中农业发展的需要,以及防旱保墒技术的完善对其推广过程中技术问题的解决。     

The identification of prehistoric dairying activities in the Western Isles of Scotland: an integrated biomolecular approach

The antiquity of dairying in regions considered to be marginal, such as the Western Isles of Scotland, has generated considerable debate. Complementary biomolecular methods are now available for identifying milk residues on ceramic vessels, which provides direct evidence for this practice in the past. A range of late Bronze Age and Iron Age ceramic cooking vessels were selected from two sites on South Uist, an island in the Outer Hebrides. The presence of milk proteins and lipids on a high proportion of potsherds confirms that these vessels were originally used to process dairy products. These data were integrated with evidence from the faunal remains and ethnographic accounts, in order to examine the wider significance and implications of dairy production in the Western Isles of Scotland during the first millennium BC. Further evidence from the pottery typologies and their depositional contexts were considered in order to comment on preparation and consumption practices.