New approaches to economic development in peripheral rural regions

This paper explores new approaches to economic development in peripheral regions in the context of constraints on public expenditure, declining employment in traditional natural resource based industries, and globalisation of the economy. Three conceptual pairs ‐resource mobility and immobility; tangible and intangible factors; and global‐local interrelations — underpin three ideas about these new approaches, and their impact on differential economic performance observed in otherwise similar localities and regions. A case study is given to illustrate the role played by less mobile cultural, social and environmental assets in these strategies. However, a key feature of the cases is the importance of both local and extra‐local linkages, often at international level, whether this has to do with market or non‐market activity. The conclusions raise questions for research about the root causes of differences in economic performance between rural localities, whether local initiatives will suffice to counter further likely declines in public subventions and natural resource based employment and also about the focus of policy in such regions.     

The Franciscans and the Scottish Wars of Independence: an Irish perspective

The intention of this paper is to examine the role of the Franciscans in the Scottish Wars of Independence. Many of the studies relating to this period have been confined to either the political or ecclesiastical arena. They also choose to treat the individual countries of the British Isles in an unconnected fashion. This paper is intended to redress the balance, using the involvement of the Franciscan friars in Ireland and Scotland to study political events on either side of the Irish Sea. By examining the actions of diverse nationalities belonging to a single order I hope to establish why the Franciscans saw fit to involve themselves in either the nativist or royalist causes and to determine it was purely race that dictated their actions when their countrymen went to war.     

The calendar

EUROPE

Land Potential. By T. W. Evans, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.I.C. Foreword by Sir R. George Stapledon. 8×5 1/4. Pp.144. London: Faber and Faber Ltd, 1951. 12s 6d.

Portraits of Islands. Edited by Eileen Molony. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.147. 10 illustrations. London : Dennis Dobson Ltd, 1951. 9s 6d.

Orkney. By Hugh Marwick. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. viii+287. 49 illustrations. Sketch map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1951. 15s.

The Scottish Scene. Photographs by Alfred Furness. Text by John L. Weir. 11×8 1/2. Frontispiece. 105 plates. Pp. lvi. [Immortal Britain, No. 2.] London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1951. 30s.

Undiscovered Scotland. By W. H. Murray. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. vii+232. 24 illustrations. 13 maps and diagrams. End‐paper maps. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd, 1951. 18s.

Highland Welcome. By A. A. Thomson. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.318. 15 photographs. Index. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd, 1951. 16s.

The Goat‐Wife : Portrait of a Village. By Alasdair Alpin MacGregor. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 319. 45 illustrations. Decorative end‐paper map. London: Museum Press Ltd. Revised and enlarged edition, 1951. 16s.

The Skye Scene. By Eric G. Meadows. 9 1/2 × 7 1/2. Pp. 96. 67 photographs. Sketch map. Edinburgh and London : Oliver and Boyd Ltd, 1951. 18s.

The Island of Staffa. By Donald B. MacCulloch. 7 1/2×5. Pp.60. 9 illustrations. Edinburgh: The Moray Press, 1951. 3s 6d.

Arran with Camera and Sketchbook. By V. A. Firsoff. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.230. 49 photographs and 23 line illustrations by the author. London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1951. 18s.

Scientific Survey of South‐Eastern Scotland. Edited by C. J. Robertson. Prepared for the Meeting held in Edinburgh 8th to 15th August 1951. 9 3/4×7 1/4. Pp. 207. 39 figs. 3 photographs. Coloured topographical map. Edinburgh : Published for the British Association by the Local Executive Committee, 1951. 15s.

The Kingdom of Fife and Kinross‐shire. Edited by Theo Lang. 7 3/4×5 1/2. Pp.xiii+238. 108 photogravures. Sketch map. [The King's Scotland.] London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, 1951. 15s.

The Gareloch as Military Port No. 1. By Arnold Fleming. 9 1/2×6. Pp.28. 6 photographs. 2 sketch maps. Helensburgh : Macneur and Bryden Ltd, 1948. 3s.

Lancashire. By Walter Greenwood. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. viii+303. 49 illustrations. Map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1951. 15s.

Buckinghamshire. By Alison Uttley. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xxvi+410. 49 illustrations. Map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1950. 15s.

Cornwall. By Arthur L. Salmon. Revised by H. Ronald Hicks. 6×3 3/4. Pp. xii+183. 60 illustrations. Map. [The Little Guides.] London: Methuen and Co. Ltd, and B. T. Batsford Ltd. Ninth edition, revised, 1950. 7s 6d.

Isle of Man. By Canon E. H. Stenning. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xiii+448. 49 illustrations. Map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd, 1950. 15s.

A History of the Isle of Man. By R. H. Kinvig, M.A. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.180. 50 figs. Map. [Published under the Auspices of Tynwald by the Manx Museum and Ancient Monuments Trustees.] Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool. Second edition, 1950. 7s 6d.

Ireland: Its Physical, Historical, Social and Economic Geography. By T. W. Freeman. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xvi+536. 96 figs. 8 plates. 2 folders. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1950. 32s 6d.

The Belgian Kempenland. By F. J. Monkhouse, M.A. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xiv+252. Frontispiece. 71 figs. [Liverpool Studies in Geography.] Liverpool: University Press of Liverpool, 1949. 17s 6d.

Switzerland. By John Russell. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. viii+152. 96 illustrations. Endpaper sketch maps. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1950. 15s.

Calabria. 8 3/4×5 3/4. Firenze : Il Ponte (Rivista mensile di Politica e Letteratura. Edited by Piero Calamandrei), 1950, 6 (9–10) : 969–1352.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS

The Soviet Union : The Land and its People. By Georges Jorré. Introduction by A. Perpillou. Translated by E. D. Laborde. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xviii+353. 44 figs. 24 photographs. London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd, 1950. 21s.

Beyond the Caspian. By Douglas Carruthers, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xx+290. 6 colour plates. 18 black‐and‐white plates. Map. Edinburgh and London : Oliver and Boyd Ltd, 1949. 22s 6d.

ASIA

Village Development in Palestine during the British Mandate. By Henry Kendall, O.B.E., F.R.I.B.A., M.T.P.I, and K. H. Baruth, A.M.T.P.I. Information on Soil Conditions by S. H. Shaw, N. A. Pharaon, and A. Y. Goor. 10×8. Pp. 84. 16 plans. 42 photographs. Map. London : The Crown Agents for the Colonies, 1949. 10s 6d.

The Antique Land. By Diana Shipton. 8 3/4×5 5/8. Pp.219. 23 plates. End‐paper sketch maps. Decorations by Jill Davis. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, 1950. 20s.

AFRICA

Algérie. By Marcel Larnaude. 7 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 230. 10 figs. 20 photographs. [L'Union Française.] Paris : Editions Berger‐Levrault, 1950. 300 fr.

O Distrito de Moçâmedes nas Fases da Origem e da Primeira Organização (1485–1859). By Manuel Júlio de Mendonça Torres. 9×6 1/4. Pp. 535. 29 plates. Lisboa : Agência Geral das Colónias, 1950.

African Journey. By André Siegfried. Translated from the French by Edward Fitzgerald. 8×5 1/4. Pp. 159. 5 maps. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd, 1950. 10s 6d.

AMERICA

The St Lawrence. By Henry Beston. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 272. Illustrated. End‐paper maps. [Rivers of America.] Edinburgh and London : William Hodge and Co. Ltd, 1951. 10s 6d.

Pleasure Island: The Book of Jamaica. Edited by Esther Chapman. Historical Section by H. P. Jacobs, B.A. Geographical Section by Mary M. Carley, B.Sc.(ECON.). 8 1/4×5 1/2. Pp. xvi+316. Illustrated. Kingston, Jamaica : The Arawak Press, 1951. $1.50, or 10s 6d.

OCEANIA

Myths and Legends of Maoriland. By A. W. Reed. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.230. Illustrated by George Woods and W. Dittmar. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1951. 15s.

POLAR REGIONS

North of the Circle. By Frank Illingworth. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 254. 32 illustrations. Edinburgh, Glasgow and London : William Hodge and Co. Ltd, 1951. 15s.

The White Continent: The Story of Antarctica. By Thomas R. Henry. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xii+211. 8 illustrations. Map. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode (Publishers) Ltd, 1951. 16s.

CARTOGRAPHY

Imago Mundi, VI. 1949. Edited by Leo Bagrow. 11 1/2×8 1/2. Pp.110. Text figures. 15 plates. Stockholm : Kartografiska Sällskapet, 1950. London and New York : Henry Stevens, Son and Stiles (Sole Agents for Great Britain and North America).

OCEANOGRAPHY

The Sea Around Us. By Rachel L. Carson. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. vii+230. Drawings by Katherine L. Howe. 1 plate. End‐paper charts. Bibliography. London : Staples Press Ltd, 1951. 12s 6d.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Sea Shore. By C. M. Yonge, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S. 8 1/2×5 3/4. Pp. xvi+311. 88 figs. 61 colour photographs. 62 black‐and‐white photographs. [The New Naturalist, No. 12.] London: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd, 1949. 21s.

BIOGRAPHY

Hugh Robert Mill. An Autobiography. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. xii+224. 6 illustrations. London : Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd, 1951. 18s.

Beyond Euphrates: Autobiography 1928–1933. By Freya Stark. 8 3/4×5 5/8. Pp. xvi+341. 52 illustrations. Sketch map by H. W. Hawes. Wood engravings by Reynolds Stone. London : John Murray, 1951. 25s.

EDUCATIONAL

A Food and People Geography. By Amabel Williams‐Ellis. 8×5 1/2. Pp. 63. 4 figs. 21 photographs. London : University of London Press Ltd, 1951. 2s 9d.

Our Food and Our Clothes and Some Other Things. By S. Alnwick. 10×7 1/2. Pp.96. Drawings. Graphs and sketch maps. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd, 1951. 7s 6d.

Europe. By A. R. Barbour Simpson, M.A., B.Sc., F.R.S.E. 7 1/2×5. Pp. xii+257. 108 figs. London : G. Bell and Sons Ltd, 1950. 5s 6d.

Roads and Streets. By Patrick Thornhill. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. 49. Diagrams and sketches. [The ‘Get to Know’ Series.] London : Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1951. 2s.

GENERAL

Nelson's Encyclopaedia. Compiled and edited by H. L. Gee. 8 3/4×5 5/8. Pp. vii+743. 300 line drawings and diagrams. 80 half‐tone plates. 16 plates in colour. Edinburgh and London : Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd, 1951. 25s.

Geography in the Twentieth Century : A Study of Growth, Fields, Techniques, Aims and Trends. Edited by Griffith Taylor. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp. x+630. 56 figs. New York : Philosophical Library Inc. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd, 1951. 30s.

The Scope and Methods of Geography and The Geographical Pivot of History. By Sir H. J. Mackinder. Reprinted with an Introduction by E. W. Gilbert. 9 1/2×6. Pp.44. London: Royal Geographical Society, 1951. 2s 6d.

L'Homme et le Sol. By Henri Prat. 9×5 1/2. Pp.293. 16 figs. 16 plates. [Géographie humaine, 22.] Paris : Librairie Gallimard, 1949. 670 fr.

Men against the Desert. By Ritchie Calder, C.B.E. 8 1/2×5 1/2. Pp.186. 15 plates. 13 sketch maps. End‐paper maps. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1951. 12s 6d.

Insects as Human Food: A Chapter of the Ecology of Man. By F. S. Bodenheimer. 8 1/4×6. Pp.352. 47 figs. The Hague: Dr W. Junk, Publishers, 1951. fl 10.

Les Bretons à l'Aventure: Explorateurs et Colons. By Jean Choleau. 8×5 1/1. Pp. 221. 15 figs. Vitre : Unvaniez Arvor, 1950.

ATLASES AND MAPS

Maly Atlas Geograficzny. By Eugeniusz Romer. 11 1/2×7 3/4. 12 map sheets. Wroclaw : Ksiaznica‐Atlas. Fifteenth edition, 1951. Zlotys 4.00.

Maly Atlas Historyczny. By Cz. Nanke, L. Piotrowicz, and Wl. Semkowicz. 11 1/2×7 3/4. Pp. 12. Wroclaw: Ksiaznica‐Atlas, 1951. Zlotys 7.20.

Atlas Polski Wspólczesnej. By E. Romer and J. Wasowicz. 8 3/4×7 1/2. Pp. 16. Wroclaw : Ksiaznica‐Atlas. Fifth edition, 1951. Zlotys 3.60.

The West End of London. 30×16. 1:3600. Revised third edition. Edinburgh: C. J. Cousland and Sons Ltd, 1951. 2s 6d.

Map of Israel—Including Plans of Jaffa‐Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, the Middle East. Scale 1 : 285,120. Produced under the direction of Alexander Gross, f.r.g.s. 40×30. Index of place‐names. London: Prepared for The Jewish Chronicle by Geographers’ Map Co. Ltd. Third edition, 1951. 2s 6d.     

A botanical survey of Scotland

Gauged river runoff records extend only over limited timespans, mostly commencing post‐1940. Historical sources can provide additional material to assist in extending the hydrological record into the nineteenth century and earlier. Such sources vary, however, in the nature of the detail, in their reliability and in their potential use in hydrological reconstruction. This paper outlines the main categories of sources available, subdivided into those which have been authenticated and those of variable reliability.     

The Retirement Village as a Residential Environment for the Third Age – The Example of Firhall,Scotland

Abstract

Retirement villages represent a recent addition to the range of residential options for older people in the UK. Research has focused on the development and nature of retirement housing in the public and voluntary sectors in England. Limited attention has been directed to the private retirement communities and, in particular, to the lived experience of residents in private sector retirement villages. This research, which is the first study of a private retirement village in Scotland, overcomes this information deficit by identifying the nature and growth of private retirement villages in the UK and exploring the lived experience of residents of the private retirement village of Firhall. The discussion is organised into four main parts. Part I examines the concept of the retirement village. Part II explains the growth and geography of retirement villages in the UK. Part III comprises the empirical analysis of the case study retirement village. The research identifies the social, economic and demographic characteristics of the village population and provides insight into lived experience of the residents in the study village. Finally, in part IV, the discussion identifies a number of key issues for further research, and the potential contribution of retirement villages for meeting the needs and preferences of the growing third age population of the UK.     

Winter Daily Precipitation Variability over Northern Scotland

Daily winter (December, January and February) precipitation variability over mainland Northern Scotland (1994–2004) is analysed using 99 rain gauges. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to identify four main patterns of rainfall variability that collectively account for nearly 75% of the variance. The most important pattern (PC 1) shows a west to east decline in rainfall; and is associated with a westerly wind flow, orographic enhancement and rain shadow effects. PC 2 shows a south to north decline in rainfall, a distribution that is generated disproportionately by southerly winds and a more southerly storm track than PC 1's pattern. PC 3 produces the most rainfall in Aberdeenshire and the least in Inverness-shire and Argyll. This spatial distribution is caused mostly by south-easterly flows, with the lowest pressure occurring in eastern Scotland or over the North Sea. PC 4 exhibits a localised precipitation maximum in Nairnshire and Moray, which tends to occur on days with a north to north-easterly wind. Cluster analysis is used to identify six rainfall regions, with regionalisations being derived for each wind direction. The most important sub-division in the region's rainfall climatology is between Aberdeen and Banff and the remainder of the mainland; rainfall variability over time in these two eastern counties thus differs considerably from other parts of Northern Scotland. The Caithness Plain also emerges as a distinct region despite its small area. Distinct rainfall regions are most evident on days when the wind blows from the westerly quadrant.     

Archaeology and Folklore of Material Culture, Ritual, and Everyday Life

Archaeologists often make distinctions between ritual material culture and everyday or utilitarian material culture. I examine this differentiation model for understanding the complex relationships among material culture, ritual, and everyday life. Using folklore recorded in Scotland in the seventeenth to twentieth centuries, I suggest another, continuum-based model, and suggest how this model can enrich archaeological understanding of the meanings and beliefs that form the cultural contexts for the artifacts, features, sites, and landscapes we study.     

“In the execution of his office”: lay officials and the exercise of ecclesiastical discipline in Scotland,c. 1600-1660

ABSTRACT

Consistorial discipline was central to the application of Reformed Christianity in early-modern Scotland. This article argues that both elders and deacons were frequently drawn into personal disputes that were more communal than theological. Neighbours’ complaints served to emphasise Reformed ideals of honesty and good reputation but could also undermine the foundations of Reformed discipline. In response, consistories across Scotland came to identify disputes involving one official as slights on the entire session. While officials were reliant on an increasing sense of corporate identity to protect them, neighbours’ involvement shows the degree of lay support and participation in the Reformed Church.     

Not just rugby clubs: Scottish‐ and welsh‐born migrants in London

This paper considers the residential distribution of the Scotland‐and Wales‐born in London in relation to other migrant groups. It goes on to consider the ecological character of the neighbourhoods in which they are concentrated, and it uses the 1991 SARs to identify individual‐level characteristics. Overall the Wales‐born are shown to have a higher level of educational and occupational attainment than those born in Scotland and to be associated with more middle‐class neighbourhoods. However, evidence is presented that the Scotland‐born are a more varied population, with contrasts between those living in the inner and outer parts of London. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role that London plays in the migration and urban systems of the United Kingdom as a whole.     

George G. Chisholm: His influence on university and school geography

EUROPE

I Saw Two Englands. 2nd edition. By H. V. Morton. Demy 8vo. London : Methucn and Co. Ltd. Price 9s. 6d.

The German Lebensraum. By Robert E. Dickinson. Pp. 223. Penguin Special.

Scottish Pilgrimage in the Land of Lost Content. By Radcliffe Barnett. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. x+207. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1943. Price 6s.

Wild Life of Britain. By F. Fraser Darling. Illustrated. 4to. Pp.48. London : Collins Ltd., 1943. Price 4s. 6d.

France. By P. Maiixaud. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.138. London : Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

The Economic Reconstruction of Lithuania after 1918. By A. Simutis. Demy 8vo. Pp. 148. New York and London : Columbia University Press and Humphrey Milford, 1943.

Orientations. By Ronald Storrs. Definitive Edition. London : Nicholson and Watson, 1943. Price 10s. 6d.

ASIA

The Gobi Desert. By Mildred Cable with Francesca French. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.301. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1943. Price 21s.

Polynesians : Explorers of the Pacific. By J. E. Weckley. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 77. Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1943.

Girlhood in the Pacific. By Mrs. Shane Leslie. London : Macdonald and Co. Price 10s. 6d.

Dawn in Siberia. By G. D. R. Phillips. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 196. London : Frederick Muller, 1943. Price 8s. 6d.

My India, My West. By Dr. Krishnalal Shridharani.

Growing Up in New Guinea. By Margaret Mead. Pelican Books, 1942.

India. By T. A. Raman. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×#fr1/2>. Pp.140. London: Humphrey Milford at the Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Report from Tokyo. By J. C. Grew. Demy 8vo. Pp.103. New York : Simon and Schuster, 1943. Price 2s. 6d.

AFRICA

Diary of a District Officer. By K. Bradley. Demy 8vo. Pp. 192. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. Price 5s.

Libyan Log. By E. G. Ogilvie. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.103. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1943. Price 51.

North Africa. By A. H. Brodrick. Illustrated. 4#fr1/2>×7#fr1/2>. Pp.97. London: Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Across Madagascar. By Olive Murray Chapman. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 144. London : Burrows, 1943. Price 9s. 6d.

Dead Men Do Tell Tales. By Byron de Prorok. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.221. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1943. Price 10s. 6d.

AMERICA

Canada. By B. K. Sandweix. Illustrated. Pp.124. 7#fr1/2>×4#fr1/2> London: Oxford University Press, 1943. Price 3s. 6d.

Exploring the Little Rivers of New Jersey. By James and Margaret Cawley. Princeton : Princeton University Press.

South America, with Mexico and Central America. By J. B. Trend. Illustrated. 7#fr1/2>×4#fr1/2>. Pp. 128. London : Oxford University Press, 1942. Price 3s. 6d.

Green Fire. By P. W. Rainier. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+216. London: John Murray, 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

GENERAL

Climatic Accidents in Landscape‐making. By C. A. Cotton. Illustrated. Pp. xx+354. Wellington and London: Whitecombe and Tombs, 1942. Price 301.

Half a Life. By Major C. S. Jarvis. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+216. London: John Murray, 1943. Price 15s.

Scottish Gaelic Studies. Vol. V, Part II. Demy 8vo. Pp. 198. London : Basil Blackwell, 1942. Price 9s.

Auld Reekie. By A. A. MacGregor. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+204. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

A Journey to Gibraltar. By R. Henrey. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vi + 169. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Teach Tourself Geography. By J. C. Kingsland and W. B. Cornish. Pp. 287. London : English Universities Press Ltd., 1943. Price 3s.     

New books

Mongolia and the Mongols. Results of a Journey in Mongolia performed in the Years 1892–1893. By A. Pozdnieëf. Tome 2. (In Russian.) St. Petersburg: Press of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1898. Pp. xxix+ 517.

Dans la Grande Forêt de l'Afrique Centrale. By Franz Thonner. Translated from the German. Pp. x +115. With 86 Plates and 3 Maps.

The New Pacific. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. New York: 1900.

The Real Malay. By Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, K.C.M.G. London and New York : John Lane, 1900. Price 6s.

Rajah Brooke. By Sir Spenser St. John, G.O.M.G. ("Builders of Greater Britain Series.”) London : T. Fisher Unwin, Paternoster Square, 1899. Price 5s.

A New Ride to Khiva. By Robert L. Jefferson, F.R.G.S. London : Methuen and Co., 1899. Price 6s.

Quaint Corners of Ancient Empires—Southern India, Burma, and Manila. By M. M. Shoemaker. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899. Pp. 212. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Fifteen Years’ Sport and Life in the Hunting‐Grounds of Western America and British Columbia. By W. A. Baillie‐Grohman. London : Horace Cox, 1900. Pp. 403. Price 15s. net.

Narrative of a Journey in Western China. By G. E. Grum‐Grzhimailo. Vol. II.—Across the Pei‐Shan and Nan‐Shan to the Valley of the Yellow River. (In Russian.) St. Petersburg : The Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1899. Pp. 445.

Guide to Queensland. Compiled from Official and Private Records, with the recognition of the Hon. Sir Horace Tozer, K.C.M.G. By Charles S. Rutlidge; Map and Illustrations. London : Dean and Son, 1899. Pp. 16V.

Western Australia; its Position and Prospects. By Grant Chambers. Map and Illustrations. Perth : by authority : R. Pether, Government Printer, 1899. Pp. 151.     

Books received

The Lake‐Dwellings of Europe : being the Rhind Lectures in Arch?ology for 1888. By Robert Munro, M.A., M.D. Cassell and Co., 1890. Pp. xl. and 600.

Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, including a Summer in the Upper Karun Region and a Visit to the Nestorian Rayahs. By Mrs. Bishop (Isabella L. Bird). Two volumes. London : John Murray, 1891. Price 24s.

My Mission to Abyssinia. By Gerald H. Portal, C.B., H.B.M. Agent and Consul‐General at Zanzibar. With Map and Illustrations. London : Edward Arnold, 1892. Pp. 261.

A Transatlantic Holiday; or, Notes of a Visit to the Eastern States of America. By T. Fitzpatrick, M.A. London : Sampson Low, Marston, and Co., 1891. Pp. viii + 210. Price 10s. 6d.

A Winter Cruise in Summer Seas. By Charles C. Atchison. London : Sampson Low and Co., 1891. Pp. 369. Price 16s.

Aus dem Kaukasus. Von C. Hahn. Leipzig : Verlag von Duncker und Humblot, 1892. Pp. 299. Price M. 6.

The New Era in Russia. By Charles A. de Arnaud. London : Gay and Bird. N.D. Pp. 166. Price 2s. 6d.

The Australian at Home. By Edward Kinglake. London : The Leadenhall Press. Pp. 159.

Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob, 1889–90. By W. M. Flinders‐Petrie, with Chapters by Professor Sayce, D.D., Professor Mahafft, Canon Hicks, F. Ll. Griffith, B.A., and F. C. J. Spurrell, F.G.S. London : David Nutt, 1891. Pp. 59, and Plates xxxiii.

Africa Rediviva, or the Occupation of Africa by Christian Missionaries of Europe and America. By Robert Needham Cust, LL.D. London : Elliot Stock, Pp. 118.

The Negro Question; or, Hints for the Physical Improvement of the Negro Race, with special reference to West Africa. By Joseph Benner Maxwell, M.A., B.C.L. (of Merton College, Oxford). London : T. Fisher Unwin, 1892. Pp.188.

Oliver &; Boyd's Edinburgh Almanac and National Repository for the year 1892. Edinburgh : Oliver &; Boyd. Pp. 1195. Price 6s. 6d.

An Almanack for the year of Our Lord 1892. By Joseph Whitaker, F.S.A. London. Pp. 728.

Hazell's Annual for 1892 : A Cyclop?dic Record of Men and Topics of the Day. London : Hazell, Watson, and Viney, Ld., 1892. Pp. 726. Price 3s. 6d.

Barker's Facts and Figures for the Year 1892. Edited by Thomas P. Whittaker. London and New York : Frederick Warne and Co. Pp. 384. Price 1s.

North Wales. Part II. By M. J. Baddeley, B.A. and C. S. Ward, M.A. Third Edition, revised. “Thorough Guide Series.” London : Dulau and Co., 1891. Pp. xvi+147. Price 2s. 6d.

Lochnagar. By Alex. Inkson M'Connochie. Aberdeen: D. Wyllie &; Son. 1891. Price 1s.

Handbook to the Geology of Derbyshire. By Rev. J. Mageno Mello, M.A., F.G.S. 2d Edition. London : Bemrose and Sons, 1891. Pp. 89.     

Peatland conservation in Buchan,north‐east Scotland: The historic context and contemporary issues

Scottish peatlands are now recognised as important habitats for conservation, and are increasingly protected by both national and international designations. This paper examines peatland conservation in north‐east Scotland, using recently published data to assess habitat quality, and relating this to longer‐term historical trends in attitudes towards peatlands, and their utilisation. The historical data indicates that peatland losses in northeast Scotland have been extensive, and occurred rapidly during the 18th and 19th centuries, when peatlands were regarded as fuel sources, or wastelands which could be converted to agricultural use. Threats have lessened in the second half of the 20th century, and many sites are now protected by conservation designations. However, historical attitudes towards peatlands often persist, and this can pose problems which must be addressed if conservation management is to be successful.