In search of the physical: George Adam Smith's journeys to palestine and their importance

By any standard, George Adam Smith's was a remarkable career. Having established a reputation for himself as the first minister of a new congregation of the Free Church of Scotland in the west of Aberdeen, where he consolidated his liberal evangelical pulpit between 1882 and 1892, Smith went on to become a foremost Old Testament scholar in the Free Church College in Glasgow (1892-1910) and Principal of Aberdeen University (1910-1935). More than one student of the period has linked his name with that of A.B. Davidson and W.R. Smith, succeeding them as one of Scotland's leading Old Testament scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.     

浅析萨满在萨满文化承袭和传播中的功能

作为人神中介的萨满,兼具神格与人格的特点,章阐释了他凭借神格地位与人格地位的交织、杂糅,通过多种途径在承袭和传播萨满化中体现出的各种功能。     

The importance of materials R&D to the UK and the role of its National Physical Laboratory

Abstract

The importance of materials R&D to a modern economy, which arises because of the global competition between manufacturers and the essential maturity of all manufacturing industries, is illustrated with direct examples from the semiconductor industry. One result of this R&D is that the consumption of materials per capita decreases as the wealth per capita increases. The development of the materials work at the UK National Physical Laboratory since its foundation is then briefly reviewed, together with its development to meet modern demands. The resulting sophistication in the R&D demanded is illustrated and the link to computer assisted modelling, together with the necessity for extreme precision of input data, is emphasised. The type of materials work most intimately connected with maintenance of standards and metrology is then demonstrated.     

从国际法论中日钓鱼岛争端及其解决前景

章认为从国际法方面看钓鱼岛的主权属于中国,日本所主张的“无主地先占”原则根本不能成立。根据联合国新海洋法和国际司法判例,钓鱼岛不应享有大陆架和专属经济区,亦不具有划界效力。中日东海大陆架的划分应遵循公平和自然延伸的原则。在和平解决争端的前景下,钓鱼岛问题面临三种可能的选择。     

论近代中国对外贸易地理方向的变动及其原因

学术界对近代中国对外贸易地理方向变动的探讨多采国别分析模式,本文采用新的分析方法.认为近代中国外贸方向变动的趋势是中国与亚太地区的经贸联系逐渐加强,尽管列强在华势力消长是近代中国外贸方向变动的重要原因,但世界体系下的霸权转移和列强对华贸易的比较利益则决定了近代中国贸易取向的转变,同时近代中国外贸方向的变动仍遵循经济学规律,受地缘和传统因素的制约.以亚太为外贸重心的变动体现出中国参与国际经济的一种长期趋势.     

从和平外交到革命外交——20世纪50年代中后期我国外交战略大转变国际原因探析

20世纪50年代中后期,我国外交战略经历了一个从“和平外交”到“革命外交”的大转变。促使这种大转变发生的原因是复杂的、多元的,其中国际因素占有重要地位。本文对此进行分析、归纳与研究,以就教于方家。     

The manor houses of the 1st Lord Baltimore in an English Atlantic World

SUMMARY: While much is known about the colonial activities of Sir George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in Newfoundland and Maryland during the 1620s and early 1630s, less is known about his efforts to develop a settlement in one of the plantation schemes that was implemented in Ireland. At the time, he contemporaneously managed his various estates in England, Ireland and Newfoundland, which included the patronage of elite residences in Kiplin Hall in North Yorkshire; Clohamon, Co. Wexford, in Ireland; and Ferryland on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland. This article will trace the development of these manor houses in their differing geographical and cultural contexts. Differences in the form and layout of these buildings reflected the challenges and opportunities posed in developing settlements in the various regions, and offers insights into the commonalities and divergences experienced in the English colonization of the Atlantic world in the early 17th century.     

Morphological,chemical and physical changes during charcoalification of wood and its relevance to archaeological contexts

Wood exposed to a heat source can be transformed into charcoal if subject to conditions of carbonisation (in the absence of air) or charring (in restricted air). Charcoal recovered from archaeological sites can yield fundamental information to our understanding of human economic and cultural development over time and (ecological) setting. This work describes the morphological (anatomy, degree of shrinkage), physical (reflectance) and chemical (elemental, molecular composition) properties of charcoal in relation to heat source and wood variables. In this study charcoal and charcoal fuel were experimentally produced whereby temperature (160–1200 °C), time of exposure (2–1440 min), heating rate (high and low) and wood type (angiosperm and conifer) were varied. The results show that charcoal, often described as an inert, black material, has different chemical and physical properties in relation to the investigated variables. By using these different properties it is possible to distinguish between the different types of fires (domestic and industrial) exploited by humans in the past. Morphological analyses and reflectance measurements are effective tools for this purpose and can be used in wood exposed to temperatures of 300 °C and above—temperatures which are relevant to archaeological research. Angiosperm and conifer wood react in different ways when exposed to heat and thus the taxonomic identity of archaeological material needs to be known. Chemical analyses can be used for wood exposed to temperatures below 400 °C whereas elemental analyses of the carbon content can be used for wood exposed to temperatures up to a maximum of 650 °C.     

艾森豪威尔政府后期的国际收支困境与对策

艾森豪威尔政府后期,美国的国际收支陷入困境,黄金大量外流.为了改善国际收支,维护美元垄断地位,巩固美国的全球霸权,艾森豪威尔政府提出了一系列增加国际收入、降低国际支出的措施,其中最关键的是艾森豪威尔总统于1960年11月16日颁布的总统指令,该指令提出了撤回驻外军事人员家属等改善美国国际收支的措施.但是,由于现实的国际政治经济因素的束缚,艾森豪威尔政府调节国际收支的努力效果不佳.     

“从独白走向对话”的翻译模式及其实践启示

在解构主义思潮的影响下,人们对原有的翻译理念产生了质疑。解构主义主张意义是在对话中生成的．从而破除了语言逻格斯中心主义的原作独白式话语。本文简要分析了解构主义影响下的“从独自走向对话”的翻译理念及其对翻译实践的启示。     

On the behaviour of wind systems in the upper mesopause region during the transition from summer to winter conditions

Ionospheric drift measurements in the LF range indicate that the phase of the semidiurnal tidal wind oscillation in the upper mesopause, while being approximately equal in summer and in winter, develops characteristic changes near the equinoxes. These changes may either take the form of a complete rotation or, alternatively, an advance and retardation of the phase. What happens in any one year is not predetermined by the initial conditions alone but depends on random processes the nature of which cannot be deduced from the results of wind measurements only.     

New occurrence of Cambroclavus absonus from the lowermost Cambrian of North China and its stratigraphical importance

Li, L.-Y., Zhang, X.-L., Yun, H. & Li, G.-X., October 2015. New occurrence of Cambroclavus absonus from the lowermost Cambrian of North China and its stratigraphical importance. Alcheringa 40, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

The problematic Small Shelly Fossil Cambroclavus absonus is described from the Xinji Formation in the Longxian area, which is located near the southwestern margin of the North China Platform. The Xinji Formation, the basal rock unit of the Cambrian in the studied area, yields an assemblage of skeletal fossils that share many common elements with contemporary faunas from South Australia. Sclerites of C. absonus reported herein represent the first occurrence of the species outside Australia, thus extending the palaeogeographic range of the taxon to northern China. To date, palaeogeographic occurrences of Cambroclavus sclerites are restricted to the Peri-Gondwana realm, including South China, Australia, Tarim, Kazakhstan, North China and Western Europe. These occurrences are divided into a Southern Group realm and Northern Group realm. Stratigraphically, Cambroclavus occurs mostly in Cambrian Stage 3 and has three occurrences in Stage 5, separated by Stage 4 in which Cambroclavus has not yet been found. The first appearance datum of Cambroclavus in Cambrian Stage 3 is of importance for regional and inter-regional correlations. In particular, the presence of Cambroclavus absonus in North China allows species-level correlation between North China and South Australia.

Luoyang Li [lly@stumail.nwu.edu.cn], Xingliang Zhang [xzhang69@nwu.edu.cn], Hao Yun [yunhao@stumail.nwu.edu.cn], Early Life Institute and State Key Laboratory Of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xian 710069, PR China; Guoxiang Li [gxli@nigpas.ac.cn], Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.     

福建银行及其发行的纸币

一、行史概况福建银行系由原福建银号改组而成,于民国三年(1914)八月正式开业,属地方官办之性质,由刘崇伟(即刘友敏)任总理,资本总额30万元,实收218640.90元。总行设南台下杭街,次年十二月迁福新街,并先后在厦门、泉州、芝城、漳州、崇安、延平、仙游、三都及福州城内等处设立分行。该行成立后,对前福建银号未收回的各种纸币约97万余元,仍继续维持其流通。当时财政部核定福建银行的发行纸币额度,以台伏票40万元为限,小洋票25万元为限,溢出部分则责成其逐步加以收回。民国四年二月,福建巡按使许世英致电财政部,内称:“福建银行现行票额流通市…     

Claude Bernard and an introduction to the study of experimental medicine: "physical vitalism," dialectic, and epistemology

This article explores the profound impact of the thought of Claude Bernard (1813-78) and his philosophy of experimentalism elaborated in his masterwork An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. I argue that Bernard's far-ranging theoretical impact on medicine and biology marks the end of conventional vitalism and the elusive notion of a "vital force" as a legitimate scientific concept. His understanding of medicine is as epistemologically significant in its time as Newton's contribution was to the physical sciences in the seventeenth century. This essay treats Bernard's philosophical ambitions seriously, exploring his important, even central, role in the mental world of nineteenth-century France. This includes his influence on Henri Bergson (1859-1941) and other late-nineteenth century thinkers. The subtext of Bernard's experimental epistemology is also contrasted with a key idealist philosopher of the period, the German Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), and placed in the context of the larger European philosophical sphere. In contrast to much of mid-nineteenth-century philosophy, Bernard, in creating the framework for experimental medicine, argued for an experimental approach in which a priori assumptions were to be strictly constrained. Bernard's thoughts on the nature of experiment put an end to "systems" in medicine, ironically by replacing all previous medical philosophies with the all-embracing "system" of experiment. And yet, while "vital forces" fade after Bernard, a form of vitalism still flourishes. Even in Bernard's own work, in the struggle with concepts like determinism, complexity, and causality, there is a realization of the unique character of living function in a kind of "physical vitalism."