‘Mountain women’: silent contributors to the global agenda for sustainable mountain development

In this article, we examine the transnational and international discourses and initiatives focused on and/or carried out by the so-called ‘mountain women.’ Tracking the growing reference to ‘mountain women’, we analyze the way in which the construction and the claim of a gendered identity has developed within the general debate on the international recognition of the global importance of mountain environments that emerged about 20 years ago. Drawing on documents, a survey and interviews, our main objective is exploring how such a reference could lead to the making of an imagined community of ‘mountain women’ offering opportunities for political action. This article concludes that, though women are identified in international discourses as essential contributors to sustainable mountain development, the social identity ‘mountain women’ has not yet evolved into a collective identity around which political solidarities and strategies coalesce to ultimately ground collective action. Indeed, women's organizations have other themes on their agendas and are active at other scales apart from the global one. Indeed, few are willing to identify themselves as ‘mountain women.’ For the time being, ‘mountain women’ remain silent partners in the global agenda for sustainable mountain development.     

沟域经济背景下的山区空间发展战略研究

分析了沟域经济的内涵及其对山区发展战略的影响,提出了"廊道+沟域+节点"的山区空间发展战略模式。以门头沟区为例,其沟域经济发展模式可归纳为"走廊带沟域促节点",这符合提出的山区空间发展战略模式。交通线是沟域经济发展的主要廊道,在空间上打破了传统行政上的界限;沟域是沟域经济发展的主阵地,是山区发展的最佳区域;村庄是山区发展的主要节点,通过集聚式发展,符合山区发展空间优化的原则。     

白居塔塔体结构稳定性分析研究

在对白居塔建筑形制调查研究基础上,区分塔体内嵌高山体和内嵌低山体两种情况,确定重力作用以及重力和地震耦合作用两种工况。基于采用岩土摩尔—库伦本构模型的有限元分析技术,对白居塔和山体的耦合结构进行稳定性分析。得出以下结论:自重作用下,整体结构稳定性满足,且有较高的安全稳定系数;白居塔整体结构的刚度较大,整个结构体系属于抗震有利体系;白居寺整体结构基频模态以侧倾为主;在7°(基本加速度0.15 g)多遇地震作用下,两个模型整体结构的抗震稳定性较好,结构不会产生整体性失稳破坏;在8°(基本加速度0.3 g)多遇地震作用下,较高山体模型主体结构基本处于安全状态,较低山体模型主体结构不满足稳定要求;较高山体的模型相对于较低山体的模型,安全稳定性要高。     

空间思维观下的山地旅游开发理念刍论——以陕西省镇巴县为例

从空间思维理论出发,探讨空间思维理论在山地旅游开发中应用。通过引入空间思维并剖析它的内涵,在思维对象、思维方式、思维过程等方面对旅游开发进行指导;之后浅析了山地旅游开发理论,归纳出山地旅游开发的理论模式;并进行综合,运用点式思维、线式思维、面式思维、体式思维等空间思维理念模式于山地旅游开发之中;最后以陕西省镇巴县山地旅游开发为例,进行验证。     

明长城军堡选址的影响因素及布局初探——以宁陕晋冀为例

明长城军堡是与长城唇齿相依共同承担防御任务的一系列屯兵城。作者通过对我国北方近百个军堡实地考察,结合相关史料,初步探讨军堡的选址问题,提出影响军堡选址的因素主要有长城的位置、受作战距离制约、传统风水理论和地形四点,其中地形对军堡选址的影响最直观体现古人"因地形用险制塞"的军事防御思想,根据军堡与自然地理的关系将军堡分为四类,并通过实例分别予以介绍。     

Study,Utilization, and Transformation of Natural Resources in the Mountain Territories of the Southern USSR

The authors urge greater utilization of mountain territories in the south of the USSR for purposes of electric-power generation and recreation. Geographers are expected to make a significant contribution to the planning of development projects involving regulation of water resources, prevention of soil erosion, mudflows and avalanches, and other distinctive mountain phenomena.     

基于网络文本内容分析的太白山背包旅游行为研究

通过对陕西省太白山相关网站论坛游记的文本内容进行分析,总结出太白山背包客行为特征的高频词,分为五类:动机、路线地点、感知、沿途所见和自助性。结果表明,登顶、穿越、徒步是太白山背包旅游者的旅游动机,"大爷海"、"拔仙台"是各类网站文本中出现频率最高的旅游景点,太白山南坡地名词语的使用频率都排在北坡之前;背包客的自助性特点突出;在登山过程中较多地关注安全问题;背包客对沿途的"积雪"、"森林"、"白云"和物种多样性留意较多。     

ALPINE HUTS IN CANADA'S WESTERN MOUNTAINS

From their European origin, mountain or alpine huts have spread to many of the world's mountain areas. This paper traces their development in Canada's Rocky, Selkirk, and Purcell Mountains where, in less than 100 years, they have diffused from a core area to most of its major climbing areas and are now located at 'big mountains' as well as in easily accessible valleys below tree line. Reflecting changes in the society at large and the climbing community in particular, they have evolved into homogeneous, unartistic, and environmentally alien, but practical, functional, and cost-effective structures. Considerations for their siting, architectural aspects of their design, governmental and Alpine Club of Canada policies regarding huts, as well as arguments for and against building them are discussed. Options for their role in the overall future development of Canada's ever-shrinking and environmentally sensitive undeveloped mountain areas are supplied.     

山地旅游的非功用性体验研究——基于云南玉龙雪山游记的扎根理论分析

在旅游个性化、情感化、精神性消费渐成趋势背景下,具有丰富非功用性特质的山地旅游迎来发展新机遇.在提出山地旅游非功用性体验这一新概念的基础上,应用扎根理论分析方法对玉龙雪山案例地网络游记资料进行逐级编码,洞察山地旅游非功用性体验发展过程及实现方式等.研究表明:山地旅游非功用性体验是在山地旅游场的精神导引下、在情绪和情感的...     

困境中的菲律宾科迪勒拉水稻梯田

世界文化遗产菲律宾科迪勒拉水稻梯田位于菲律宾吕宋岛科迪勒拉山脉沿线的伊富高省,由分布在4个市的5个梯田群组成,分别为基安干市（Kiangan）的Nagacadan梯田群、洪都安市（Hungdun）梯田群、梅奥瑶市（Mayoyao）梯田群以及巴纳维市（Banaue）的Bangaan和Batad梯田群组成。     

Geotheorizing mountain–child relations within anthropogenic inheritances*

This paper focuses on children’s relations with what is now known as Burnaby Mountain in British Columbia, Canada. In particular, it grapples with encounters with the mountain, atop which several childcare centres are located. The mountain, on unceded Indigenous Coast Salish territories, has become a contested site of colonial capitalist extraction due to a proposal to build a tar sands oil pipeline that would tunnel through the mountain. Sustained protest action emerged at the site amidst initiation of test borehole drilling activity by the pipeline company. In this paper, I engage with the potential of geotheorizing children’s relations as a critical response that interrupts dominant understandings of what is seen as appropriate for young children’s curriculum. I consider the effects of refiguring children’s subjectivities through geologic and geontological relations for the normalization and resistance of settler colonialism’s human-centric and extractive structurings.     

徐霞客考察九嶷山

本文分析了徐霞客当年考察九嶷山的艰苦历程;他对九嶷山山川地貌和名胜古迹的辩析、考证、赞美．并以徐霞客的旅行考察记录为依据．结合现代旅游业发展理论,对九嶷山旅游资源的开发利用进行了探讨．     

Land-Use Planning in Norwegian Mountain Areas: Local Development or Nature Protection?

This article discusses how land-use planning and management can combine the aim of local development with the protection of mountain areas. The basis for this double approach comprises protected areas and the land-use element of the Municipal Master Plan according to the Nature Diversity Act and the Planning and Building Act (PBA), respectively. Case studies performed in six mountain municipalities show that the planning processes in general are performed by a combination of rationalistic and communicative rationality based on consensus and with little awareness of power structures. Today's two-part system is dominated by the interests backing protection, not only in the protected areas, but also in the buffer-zones. Though the conflicts are rather few, they nevertheless often seem deep-set and rooted in national–local power relations. We argue that a more agonistic and decentralized approach where the protection-area management is transferred to the PBA will, to a larger extent, be able to combine both use and protection and to stimulate local development in mountain municipalities.     

The Development of new Agricultural Lands in North Vietnam in 1961–65

Despite an expansion of the irrigated area in the plains and an increase in rice yields, the food situation in North Vietnam remains strained by a mean annual population growth of 3 percent. In an effort to add to the food supply, the North Vietnamese authorities have favored an expansion of dry-field food crops (sweet potatoes, manioc, corn) in the country's mountain zone. Under this program, one million people migrated during the five-year period 1961–1965 from the densely settled plains to the mountains to join old farm cooperatives, establish new cooperatives, and work in state farms, forestry and craft industries. The movement from the plains to the mountains was reinforced by the American bombing campaign at the end of the five-year period. The mountain development drive has resulted in a slight improvement of the food situation by an 11-percent increase of the cultivated area. However, the mountain cooperatives are poorly supplied with implements and technical know-how, and poor farming practices are promoting erosion.     

Ornaments Made from Animal Teeth in Human Burials at Tuzovskiye Bugry-1 and Their Relevance to Ethnic Processes in the Altai, 3rd Millennium BC

The article describes ornaments made of animal teeth (elk, beaver, badger, fox, marmot, musk deer, and ibex or mountain sheep) and found in ground burials at Tuzovskiye Bugry-1, Northern Altai. Ornaments made of the teeth of the two latter animals are especially informative since these taxa are not found in the Barnaul–Biysk area of the Upper Ob basin, nor did they inhabit the area in the historical past. The musk deer is distributed in the mountain taiga areas of Gorny Altai and Eastern Kazakhstan. Ibex and mountain sheep are typical representatives of alpine fauna. In the past, the northern boundary of their distribution range coincided with the Chemal River, the southern boundary lay in the Mongolian Altai, and the western, in Rudny Altai (Eastern Kazakhstan). Ornaments made from Ibex and mountain sheep teeth indicate ties with Gorny Altai, intermediary groups being those known from Solontsy-5 burial ground and Nizhnetytkesken Cave-1 burial. The co-occurrence of these ornaments with Dentalium, Corbicula ferghanensis Kurs. et Star., and Corbicula tibetensis Prash. shells points to ties with Western Central Asia. In this case, the likely intermediaries are the people of the Ust-Narym or Botai cultures. Alternatively, groups from Western Central Asia or Eastern Kazakhstan may have migrated to the Altai.     

山岳旅游地旅游者动机行为研究——黄山旅游者实证分析

本文以黄山旅游者为实证分析对象,揭示了山岳旅游地旅游者旅游动机的基本特征,分析了中外不同类型旅游者旅游动机的差异。文章试图为山岳旅游地的保护、开发和管理提供有益的参考。     

THE HEIGHT OF MT. QOMOLANGMA

Mt. Qomolangma is the loftiest mountain at the top of Himalayas;the mountain peak is shaped like a pyramid and penetrates directly into the sky offering a spectacular view.     

名山旅游地的空间竞争研究──以皖南三大名山为例

本文分析了名山旅游地的特点和影响其空间竞争的因素,以皖南三大名山为例,讨论了名山旅游地空间竞争的特点和竞争策略。     

SOVIET POLICIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUNTAIN REGIONS (with particular reference to the Caucasus)

Mountain regions represent a substantial part of Soviet territory, a total of 652 million hectares, which is 29.5 percent of the total area, or 21 percent of the usable agricultural area (including livestock range), but only 3.8 percent of the arable land. Soviet policy toward mountain development has varied over time. At first, mountain areas were considered a symbol of backwardness, and were not allocated a role in the Soviet modernization program. In recent decades, attitudes have been changing, but solutions have differed. The author, focusing on the eastern portion of the Greater Caucasus, shows on the basis of the literature and personal observations how the policy in Dagestan and in Azerbaijan, by allocating lowland activities to mountain populations, differs from Georgian policy, which since 1976 has actively sought to foster a revival of mountain economies.     

山地传统村落空间系统风险研究——以重庆为例

选取风险源、风险受体状态、风险响应三个方面16个指标,以外部自然、人文因素、传统村落内部景观和建筑结构等为切入点,构建山地传统村落空间系统风险评价体系,分析重庆市110个传统村落空间系统风险,并针对性地提出保护建议。研究表明：(1)构建的风险评价体系能够综合反映山地传统村落空间系统外部压力和内部脆弱性,体现其空间差异。(2)重庆市传统村落空间系统风险属较高及以上等级的有42个,占村落总数的1/3以上,主要分布于渝东南武陵山中山地区,如酉阳、秀山等地。(3)风险等级较高及以上的传统村落,应提升主体风险防范能力,合理规划村落发展,避免城镇边界扩张挤压传统村落空间,导致其非自然性衰落。山地传统村落空间系统风险研究从宏观揭示风险驱动因子,识别风险胁迫大小,对传统村落精准保护具有重要意义。