The Clubmen of the West Riding of Yorkshire During the First Civil War: “Bradford Club-Law”

Abstract

The Luddite machine-breaking outbreaks in 1812 were not solely an urban or industrial phenomenon. Using a case study of the Horbury district in the West Riding, this article shows that Luddism, and especially popular fear of Luddism, was heightened by ancillary activities, both criminal and customary, occurring on the semi-rural peripheries of urban-industrial areas. Incendiarism was a common feature of social conflict in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England. This article also demonstrates how the environment and landscape of the industrialising Pennines shaped the disturbances of 1812. Luddites were defending their customary 'task-scapes' that were increasingly being enclosed by aggrandising landlords and manufacturers. Luddism can only be understood within a longer and more holistic context of regional social tensions and customary practices of resistance.     

“Where the spirit of wisdom lies”: Inculturation,self-determination and the authority of First Nations

By the 1970s, Christian missions to Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory were enthusiastic supporters of Indigenous self-determination, even as they sought to maintain a missionary presence in Aboriginal communities. This article asks how missions continued to seek to influence and direct Aboriginal churches and communities through espousing self-determination, and how Aboriginal leaders engaged with and exploited this apparent contradiction. Focusing on contributions to the missiological publication Nelen Yubu from Deacon Boniface Pedjert, Patrick Dodson, Miram Rose Ungunmerr-Baumann, Dyiniyini Gondarra and Alice Kelly this article considers how Aboriginal leaders and thinkers managed and challenged non-Indigenous expectations set for them around how their decolonisation was to proceed. Self-determination, for missionaries, could be achieved by a new, supposedly more enlightened mission to “inculturate” the gospel. Whereas missionaries presumed Aboriginal church leaders' authority rested in their cultural authenticity, these Aboriginal leaders were also asserting other sources of authority including their culture, but especially the authority that arises from Country itself.     

Dynamics of the Antarctic and Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions—II. The semidiurnal tide

The semidiurnal tidal dynamics of the Antarctic and Arctic mesopause regions (95 ± 15 km) are investigated through comparative analyses of monthly mean tidal wind fields determined from radar measurements at the Scott Base (78°S), Molodezhnaya (68°S), and Mawson (67°S) stations in the Antarctic, and the near-conjugate stations of Heiss I. (81°N) and Poker Flat (65°) in the Arctic region. The main feature common to all stations is the fall equinoctial maximum in amplitude (10–20 m s⁻¹), which is also reproduced by the most recent numerical tidal model. However, the wintertime amplitude growth with height and the shorter vertical wavelengths characterizing the model are features not reflected in the data. There is also a spring equinoctial maximum in the Antarctic data which the model does not reproduce.Examination of interannual variability reveals characteristics similar to those noted in Part I for the mean zonal wind; namely, some degree of year-to-year variability superimposed on apparent long-term decreases of order 0.3–0.5 m s⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (depending on month) in the Southern Hemisphere semidiurnal tidal amplitudes. Numerical simulations presented herein indicate that changes of this magnitude cannot even be induced (via mode coupling) by a change in the mean zonal wind field of order 30%, and are more plausibly explained by a secular change in the tidal forcing by ozone insolation absorption. However, contrary to Part I, the annual mean tidal amplitude is not characterized by any significant secular trend, remaining within the 10.0 ± 2.5 m s⁻¹ range throughout the 1970–1986 period. Analyses of other data sets are required to ascertain confidence in the apparent trend reported here.     

Dynamics of the Antarctic and Arctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere regions—I. The prevailing wind

The dynamics of the Antarctic and Arctic mesopause regions (ca. 95 ±15 km) are investigated through comparative analyses of winds measured by radars at the Scott Base (78°S), Molodezhnaya (68°S), and Mawson (67°S) stations in the Antarctic, and the near-conjugate stations of Heiss I. (81°N) and Poker Flat (65°N) in the Arctic region. The data were analyzed specifically to delineate hemispheric differences in mean monthly prevailing wind climatologies, and show the circulation systems in the Arctic and Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermospheres to exhibit significant asymmetries. These asymmetries may be attributable to hemispheric differences in dynamical forcing due to one or more of the following: insolation absorption by ozone, other mesospheric heat sources such as exothermic chemical reactions, tropospheric forcing of vertically or obliquely propagating gravity waves which engage in mesospheric mean-flow interactions, and dissipation of planetary waves which find ducting channels through the middle atmosphere.Interannual variability is also examined in the Molodezhnaya and Heiss I. data, which cover the periods 1967–1986 and 1968–1985, respectively. Accompanying significant year-to-year variability, eastward winds at 95 km over the Antarctic (Molodezhnaya station) exhibit a trend of decreasing amplitude from 1968 to 1977 that is not reflected in the Arctic data (Heiss I.); for instance, the annual mean wind decreases in a monotonie sense from 20–25 to 5 m s⁻¹ during this period. It cannot be unambiguously established whether this trend represents a decrease in intensity accompanying secular changes in thermal forcing, or a latitudinal contraction or shifting of the mesospheric jet system. The annual mean winds at Molodezhnaya remain at the 4–8 m s⁻¹ level from 1977 to 1986.In addition, existing empirical models are evaluated against the data, and are shown to be deficient in reproducing some salient characteristics of the high-latitude circulation systems. This latter result especially questions the common practice of deriving winds based on the geostrophic approximation in this altitude/latitude regime.     

Microelectrode Investigations of the Visual System at the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology,Freiburg i.Br.: A Historical Account of the First 10 Years, 1951–1960

The history of the first ten years of neurophysiological science (1951–1960) at the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology in Freiburg i.Br. (Germany) is described by some of the participants. We describe the concepts of Richard Jung for the development of an experimental neurophysiology, the technical conditions which helped to realize these ideas, and the integration of the newly emerging German neurophysiological science into the international community, through the large number of foreign visitors. A short account is given of the young scientists working at the Freiburg laboratory during this period, their main lines of research, as well as the results of their studies.     

Structural Funds of the European Union in Poland—Experience of the First Period of Membership

The aim of this article is to present the results of the first period of taking advantage of Structural Funds in Poland. The analysis refers to realisation of the planned activities in the strategic document which is the National Development Plan 2004–2006, being a base of the new model of the Polish regional policy. The obtained results show the level of success of Structural Funds including the structure being a result of Operational Programmes which are a part of the National Development Plan, and the structure of beneficiaries, among which the listed ones are: units of local governments, businessmen, non-governmental organizations and educational institutions. In each case the analysis includes regional differences of the absorption process which allows us to define the influence of Structural Funds on changes of regional economic development in Poland.     

Securing the “Interests” of the South: John Mitchel,A.G. Magrath,and the Reopening of the Transatlantic Slave Trade

Traditionally scholars have downplayed the importance of southern calls to reopen the transatlantic slave trade in the 1850s. Those who have paid serious attention to this effort see it as another endeavor by aristocratic planters to enshrine their social, economic, and political power in the antebellum South. The advocates were, as one puts it, “no champions of the common white man.” Two Irish-American leaders who supported the reopening, John Mitchel and Andrew Gordon Magrath, complicate this view of the attempt as just a planters’ plot. Their actions and opinions indicate that some proponents did see importing African slaves as something that would benefit all whites and not just the elite, and, as a result, protect the overall “interests” of the South. Mitchel and Magrath's support of Ireland and Irish immigrants and their opposition to British power influenced their positions on the matter.     

What Happened at the First Meeting of the World Archaeological Congress Committee of Ethics?

Herrera reflects on the committee’s deliberations in how to approach developing a framework for ethics in tune with the aims and ethos of WAC. He points out the importance of a foundation of meaningful principles, embedded in the thread of the actions of individuals acting in specific cultural and historical social contexts and based on core values that at the same time acknowledge the contradictions inherent in diverse standpoints. The committee faces major questions of how to define social justice and appropriate ethical behaviour for people and institutions embedded in different social and historical contexts across the globe.     

The First ‘Urnfields’ in the Plains of the Danube and the Po

Journal of World Prehistory - Archaeological research is currently redefining how large-scale changes occurred in prehistoric times. In addition to the long-standing theoretical dichotomy between...