联合国善后救济总署的诞生及其使命

联合国善后救济总署 (以下简称“联总”)孕育于第二次世界大战期间。考虑到战后初期战争受害者可能面临的生存困境 ,美英两国决定动员其本土未曾遭受敌国直接入侵的联合国成员国捐资 ,对战争直接受害国及其难民提供大规模善后救济援助。为执行上述使命 ,联总应运而生。短短两年间 ,联总将价值 39.6 8亿美元的 2 4 1 0万长吨 (即“度、量”单位简称 )稀缺资源无偿地馈赠给中国、波兰、南斯拉夫、乌克兰、白俄罗斯和意大利等国人民 ,在世界史上留下闪光的记录     

The geographical distribution of Labour

The small volcanic and limestone islands of the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean, have a continuous history of commercial agricultural production which goes back 370 years. During this period, conditions of the environment, both natural (volcanoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, droughts) and human‐induced (deforestation, erosion, land degradation and reduction in the water‐table), have interfered with development in a variety of ways. The paper reviews past and present situations, and considers how growing sectoral imbalances may accentuate the resulting problems.     

The first Italian geographical congress

EUROPE.

A Geography of Ireland. By O. J. R. Howarth. The Oxford Geographies Edited by A. J. Herbertson. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1911. Price 2s. 6d.

The Place‐Names of Berkshire. By the Rev. Walter R. Skeat. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1911. Price 2s. net.

Nooks and Corners of Yorkshire. By J. S. Fletcher. With a Map. London: Eveleigh Nash, 1911. Price 2s. 6d. net.

ASIA.

The Story of Korea. By Joseph H. Longford, late His Majesty's Consul at Nagasaki; Professor of Japanese, King's College, London; Barrister‐at‐law, Middle Temple; Author of “The Story of Old Japan.” With Thirty‐three Illustrations and Three Maps. London and Leipsic: T. Fisher Unwin, 1911. Price 10s. 6d. net.

AFRICA.

The Opening‐up of Africa. By Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B. Home University Library of Modern Knowledge. London: Williams and Norgate. Price 1s. net.

“Yakusu” The Very Heart of Africa. Being some Account of the Protestant Mission at Stanley Falls, Upper Congo. By H. Sutton Smith, Baptist Missionary Society. London and Edinburgh: Marshall Brothers, Limited, 1911. Price 6s.

GENERAL.

British Plants: Their Biology and Geology. By J. F. Bevis, B.A., B.Sc., and H. J. Jeffrey, A.R.C.Sc. London: Alston Rivers, 1911. Price 4s. 6d. net.     

评清朝的西藏政策

清朝重新统一西藏后,通过册封、定制、设官、驻军等措施,并扶持达赖、班禅成为西藏的政教领袖,建立了政教合一的噶厦制度,实现了对西藏的有效管理和统治,维护了清朝在西藏的主权和领土完整,其西藏政策对后世产生了深远影响。本文从反分裂主义的角度重新审视清朝的西藏政策,认为清朝的治藏政策重政治、军事,而轻经济、文化,导致西藏与祖国内地的经济文化交流、民族融合明显滞后,为近代西藏分裂主义的产生埋下了隐患。     

哲学之为穷理

西方思想源于古希腊的理性传统。西方哲学从一开始就对必然性的知识有一种相当明确的追求,其与因宗教而获得的信仰,及因科学而对客观世界及其规律的认知不尽相同,在追求必然性、唯一性的体系的同时,哲学的兴趣是在探索和我们连在一起的世界的道理,而且还应是在不同的贯通的系统之间的对话,对话的目的不是要达到更高的贯通和共识,而是追求在一定程度上融贯的、不断丰满和变得厚实的思想。     

再论伦理学的使命

伦理学的使命研究不能仅停留在通过拟设道德规范来促使人与自然和人与社会关系的谐和,而应指出伦理学的最终使命在于寻求道德自由,在于扩大人类在大自然和社会中的自由度,探讨实现道德自由的途径。