Changes in the geographical distribution of the recruitment of apprentices to the London companies 1486–1750

By the late fifteenth century the migration field of apprentices to the London companies was very widespread, but from then until the eighteenth century there was a marked contraction. First, the proportion of apprentices coming from London itself increased considerably. Secondly, there were significant changes in the geographical origins of provincial recruits. An attempt has been made to measure this contraction, and it is shown that the average distance travelled by each provincial recruit fell during the period 1486–1750 from 212 km to 111 km. This contraction was due in part to changes in gild and corporation control, but was also affected by major demographic and economic trends. It is suggested that these produced a contraction of London's general migration field which continued until at least 1775.     

Unmasking the Essential Realities of COVID-19: The Pasifika Community in the Salt Lake Valley

Pacific Islanders in diaspora are disproportionately contracting COVID-19, experience hospitalization and develop complications. In Utah, Pacific Islanders have the highest contraction rate in the state. Pacific Islanders constitute only 2% of the state's population, but represent 4% of the those infected with COVID-19, begging the question how we might explain the high rates of contraction? As community engaged scholars and practitioners, we offer discussion, insight, and commentary on the COVID-19 pandemic affecting Pacific Islanders in Utah. Grounding this discussion is a history of the Pacific Islander community as an essential workforce that dates back to the 1850s, before statehood. We argue that historical discrimination against these early Pacific Islanders shaped the way this group is racialized as essential laborers today. The authors offer this assertion along with practices and protocols that honour cultural norms of socialization, which we see is the pathway to provide safe measures that are relevant to the Utah Pasifika community.     

Carrier routes in the Northeast of Scotland 1803–1914: Development and change in a service

During the first four decades of the 19th century carrier services in the northeast of Scotland developed rapidly. Most were centred on Aberdeen, the main city and port of the region, but local networks also existed, focused on other towns in the region. Improved road facilities throughout the region, particularly those formed by turnpike trusts, enabled an increasing number of locations to be served in this way. The rapid economic development that took place in the area at this time led to, and was fostered by, an increasing frequency of service.. The arrival of the railway in the region in the middle of the 19th century, and its gradual extension north and west of Aberdeen, had a major effect on the road‐based carrier network. Long‐distance routes centred on Aberdeen declined rapidly, there was rationalisation within the services provided, new services grew up centred on railway facilities, and the number of short‐distance carriers increased. The flexibility inherent in carrier services, however, ensured that they continued to remain relevant to customers in the 20th century.     

中国古代钱币诗话

古钱币系列是中国历史经济现象的载体,亦是承载时代进程的脉络与脚印。其见证了不同时期因政权更替的兴盛与衰败。在华夏古代文学宝库里,有关货币的诗话占有独特的重要地位。     

雅典外邦人的社会地位与历史作用

作为一个主要由外来移民所组成的社会阶层,外邦人(Metics)是解读雅典城邦社会形态的重要载体.古典时代,雅典的开放和繁荣吸引了大批的外邦人.由于雅典公民的重农轻商意识和对政治权利的垄断,外邦人不能从事农业生产与政治活动,但是在雅典的工商业与文化领域外邦人拥有相对自由的发展空间.雅典外邦人以其独特的社会地位为雅典城邦的繁荣和稳定发挥了不可或缺的特殊历史作用.     

艺术普遍性的早期传载——战国楚地家具上的漆画新论

战国楚地家具上的漆画的质朴之美,它们上承原始彩陶装饰性特点,下开后来中国画表现性先河,它们是艺术普遍性的早期载体,不但糅合了多种上古艺术形式于一体而呈现新的绘画形态,并且走向一定的自由表现和独特意义的传达而具意象之美,其中展现的对本原生命意识的诠释和自然宇宙精神的追寻具有一种不因时代和地域差异而产生隔膜的艺术普遍性意义。     

近代学生群体中文化教育与传统婚姻的冲突

学生婚姻中的冲突与矛盾,是近代学校教育兴起之后的特有现象。接受了西方自由平等观念之后,学生们崇尚婚姻自主,渴望知识女性。但受风俗所限,他们自身多数都被父母缔结了传统姻缘。具有新式价值观念的他们,无法再对旧式婚姻容忍和麻木,而打破僵局又会遭到家族与社会的责难。化教育与传统婚姻的冲突,在他们身上得到了最为典型的体现。     

Keeping the Door Open in Saudi Arabia: The United States and the Dhahran Airfield, 1945–46

I had no knowledge of air or defense strategy but one glance at a map was sufficient to persuade me of the prime importance of Dhahran, situated on a land mass resembling a gigantic aircraft carrier, astride the Middle East, and close to one of the world's richest oil fields, in which we had a controlling interest. J. Rives Childs, U.S. minister to Saudi Arabia¹     

重塑风景：兼论贵州旅游形象的建构

风景与旅游形象的关系密不可分。风景远不止于山山水水,它同时作为人类文化和理想的载体,更是旅行者实现“伟大浪漫”梦想的场域,同样的风景对不同的人群有着不同的意义——风景事实上有着一副多变的面孔（形象）。鉴于此,在建构风景形象或确立旅游主题形象时,不仅要根植于东道主文化,还应从“他者”的角度赋予地方更宽广的涵义,以创造和维持“地方神话”——因为在此建构过程中,旅游者也不由自主地参与了东道主文化的共生共建,其自身融入并构成了风景。     

尊严与道德:从康德的“目的王国”看人的尊严

在康德的"目的王国"里,尊严是最高价值的存在。人的尊严既是一种合目的性的存在,同时也是一种道德的存在。道德是人的尊严存在的价值依据,这种价值依据主要体现在四个方面:一、尊严以独立性为前提;二、尊严以责任为载体;三、尊严通过权利体现出来;四、尊严导向的是道德与幸福的统一。而尊严最终只有在道德王国与自然王国的统一中才能实现。     

创先争优活动是新形势下加强党的先进性建设的重大举措

创先争优活动,是中国共产党将自己的执政理念化为行动的重要载体,是党将自己的根本宗旨融入时代的生动实践。本文从开展创先争优活动的时代意义、指导思想和目标任务、本质要求、实践主体、载体和方式方法等方面,论述了开展创先争优活动是新形势下加强党的先进性建设的重大举措,切实为深入开展创先争优活动,增强活动的针对性和时效性提供理论指导。     

USS <Emphasis Type="Italic">Independence’s</Emphasis> Aircraft

Submerged aircraft are a newly emerging area of study in underwater archaeology. In August 2016, a multidisciplinary team conducted the first archaeological survey of the deep water (829 m) wreck of the ex-USS Independence (CVL22), a WWII era light carrier scuttled off San Francisco after its use as an atomic bomb test target and subsequently as a floating radiological laboratory and training facility. Using the remotely operated vehicles Argus and Hercules, the expedition documented and studied Independence including assessment of a sonar target thought to be an aircraft resting inside the sunken carrier’s forward elevator pit. The survey confirmed the presence of a plane, but previous assumptions as to the type and identity of this aircraft, based on archival records, proved erroneous. As well, the remains of a second, and possibly a third, aircraft were also encountered during the 2016 survey. These artifacts, through their context, both as naval warplanes on an aircraft carrier, and as test articles for seaborne nuclear weapons development, more precisely fit within the parameters of maritime archaeology. They join other archaeological evidence at the Independence site that helps define its significance within the context of World War II and the Cold War.     

中国古代蛇纹石玉的白化机制研究述要

蛇纹石玉是中国传统玉文化的重要物质载体,与透闪石-阳起石玉相似,许多出土蛇纹石玉呈现部分白化和全器白化现象,其时代贯穿史前至近代,地域跨越中国全境,因而其成因颇受关注。本工作借助考古学、矿物学和材料学等相关研究成果,从人为火烧成因和自然受沁成因两方面对白化的性状特征和形成机制进行细致梳理和探讨,以期探明蛇纹石玉火烧变白过程的热力学机制,探讨自然受沁成因的内在白化机制。藉此有助于判断和揭示白化玉器背后的人类行为和自然行为,有益于白化蛇纹石玉器的科学保护。     

Scotty Martin's Jadmi Junba: a Song Series from the Kimberley Region of Northwest Australia1

Barwick (1990) finds that, in Central Australian performance, whilst text and melody in isolation are relatively fixed, ‘there is immense variability in their combination, which is accomplished by what may be crudely characterised as a process of expansion and contraction of the melody to accommodate texts of different lengths’ (Barwick 1990:61). Following musicological examinations by both Barwick (Barwick 1989, 1990 and 1995) and Keogh (Keogh 1995) which focus on identifying principles that underlie this process of expansion and contraction, the paper presented here looks at songs of the junba genre, composed and performed by Ngarinyin elder, Scotty Martin, in the North central Kimberley. In addition, it is suggested in this paper that the style of musicological analysis developed by Barwick and Keogh has relevance beyond the discipline of musical analysis, as its results allow the analyst and reader to begin to trace relationships between creative processes active in the moment of performance with ‘patterns and rules’ evident in other aspects of the music‐makers' ways of being in the world.     

A Devonian fish fauna from subsurface sediments in the eastern Officer Basin,South Australia

This paper reports the discovery of three of the most iconic New Caledonian endemic genera, Amphorogyne, Paracryphia and Phelline, as dispersed leaf cuticle fossils in the early Miocene of New Zealand. New Caledonia's endemic angiosperm families have given it a reputation as one of the most interesting botanical regions in the world, but unfortunately it has no known pre-Pleistocene Cenozoic plant fossil record. A once more widespread distribution of its key plants in the context of a cooling and drying Neogene world suggests the current vegetation of New Caledonia is the result of contraction, or even a migration, from more southerly landmasses. Thus, New Zealand may have been a source of at least some of New Caledonia's plants.     

论白马藏族神话的主要类型和述说特征——以陇南为中心

白马藏族神话,就是用口头白马语为载体,以耳听、心记的方式向后传承留存至今的本族神话作品,主要类型有:创世神话、人源神话、神灵神话、英雄神话等。经考察发现,白马藏族神话最为发达的是英雄神话,其中的代表作《阿尼嘎萨》流传千余年,长达十余万言,堪比蒙、藏等族的《格萨尔》,展现了白马藏族民间故事和口传活态文化的最高成就,值得学界重视。白马藏族神话表现出独到的述说特征:整体表现为口头传承过程由"信以为真"向信众逐步散失的转变与题材的不规则演化,述说体系虽零散杂乱且缺乏整一严谨性,但又有其独特之处。     

南阳汉画像石的档案学价值

汉画像石涵盖了汉代政治、经济、民俗、社会生产、思想、文化艺术等多方面内容,是一种独特的档案载体。南阳是画像石的重要产区,不仅可以补史书之阙,而且重现了汉代的社会生活和民俗,直观展示了汉代文化艺术,具有重要的档案学价值。同其他画像石产区相比,南阳最早把画像石作为一种石刻档案进行建馆保存,南阳画像石中神话、升天、天文题材的画像比较丰富,具有独特的档案学价值。     

Where Have All the People Gone? A Puzzle from Middle and Late Iron Age Essex

A survey of 211 Iron Age roundhouses from twenty-five settlements across Essex shows a steep Late Iron Age fall in numbers from a Middle Iron Age peak. It cannot be explained by the replacement of the roundhouse with an architectural form that left little trace in the ground because the roundhouse remained a living architectural tradition until the late Roman period in the county. Nine of these twenty-five settlements were abandoned in or before the Late Iron Age, but have next to nothing in the way of pre-conquest artefacts that could have come from houses of that date which had not survived. The fall in roundhouse numbers is interpreted as a population contraction of at least 50 % over the period c. 125–25 BC. Political upheaval may have been partly responsible. No environmental changes could be identified as contributory factors. Population retreat in the county explains the dearth of Late Iron Age settlements and the absence of large cemeteries.     

国内外博物馆旅游研究综述

本文分析了一定数量的国内外博物馆旅游相关文献,对博物馆旅游及其相关研究进行了分类比较阐述,发现国外博物馆与城市、社区、遗产旅游的融合是社会发展的趋势,几者之间相互促进,为双方带来了新的发展机会,促进了博物馆旅游研究的发展,对研究博物馆旅游及其作为城市旅游的重要载体具有一定的借鉴作用。我国博物馆旅游资源丰富,开始注重博物馆概念的泛化,出现了"生态博物馆"、"开放式博物馆"、"活态博物馆"等一系列的专题研究,可见,国内博物馆旅游开发领域正在不断拓展,要以发展的、创新的理念来开发国内博物馆旅游。     

China’s geographical position in Europeans’ hierarchical imagination: A study on maps of Europeans from the perspective of intellectual history

Maps act not only as the carrier of the geographical information but also as the symbolic expression of particular cultural and political concepts, by which we can understand those people’s knowledge about themselves as well as about others. The maps drawn by the Europeans from the 16th to the 18th centuries vividly express the self-centeredness of the Europeans influenced by both the Christian and modern civilization concepts, and the maps also expressed their comments on the other parts of the world in such a mentality. Some characteristic maps and illustrations in the atlas of European history demonstrated how the Europeans formed and expressed their hierarchical perspective of the world geography. The position of China in the hierarchical world is one of the most important expressions of the European concept of China, and well served the purpose of our reflection on the cultural intercommunion.