浅析跨栏跑中摆动腿技术的训练方法

摆动腿起跨技术是跨栏跑项目中的重要技术动作,摆动腿屈膝高摆和积极下压在跨栏时起到十分重要的作用,它直接影响到跨栏跑过栏技术动作以及运动成绩的高低。本文通过对跨栏跑摆动腿起跨技术中屈膝高摆和积极下压技术的分析,提出了发展和完善该技术动作的训练方法,为促进我国田径跨栏跑中摆动腿起跨技术分析,提供相关理论借鉴。     

寒地商业步行空间优化理论及设计方法

随着我国社会主要矛盾的转变,国民经济水平的大幅提升,人民生活和娱乐的主要活动空间也多集中在消费场所,即商业步行空间内。而寒地商业步行空间由于其气候、交通和行为特点的独特性,使寒地商业步行空间的设计应更具有寒地商业步行空间的适寒性、安全性和多元性的优化设计原则。文章将致力于寒地的各方面特征,探讨寒地商业步行空间存在问题及优化设计方法。     

英国湖区自然保护区：找寻“湖畔派”的过往

湖区不算是百分百的自然保护区。区内早已开发为英格兰人的旅游重地以及步行天堂，区内更是开辟了不计其数的步行路线。随着蜿蜒的小径步行，经过了小巧的房屋，屋前花卉绽放。相对于那些大量生产的城市楼房，湖区内的这些平凡无奇的石屋相对变得独特。     

远山的呼唤

２ 年内登过３次雪山,都没有登顶． 对山。我们不说征服,征服和挑 战的只有自己． 第一次登山是９８年新疆天山东段的博格达峰,我们从达坂城的黑沟进去．步行了２天才到大本营．那也是我第一次睡帐篷。从军队借来的帐篷写满毛主席语录．看来比我的年纪还大。身子下面全是石头,从背到腰到腿,高低不平。我们戏称为免费按摩．第一次上山运输回来后下起了冰雹。快到山脚时开始头疼．也许是寒风吹的,回到炊事帐篷吃饭烤火后就没事了． 几天后在冰川上方还发生了雪崩,幸好离我们大本营还远．也不在我们上山的路线上．撤离大本营时背着东西…     

漫话

"千方百计进去,时间越早越好,早一秒钟就可能救活一个人。"——国务院总理温家宝要求解放军指战员排除一切困难,就是步行也要前往地震受灾最严重的地区生不起,剖腹一刀五千几;读不起,选个学校三万起;住不起,一万多元一平米。——宁波市委书记巴音朝鲁用顺口溜解说起民生问题对这个荒谬体制最好的反击,就是竭尽所能地忽视它。——1970年代东欧摇滚乐队"宇宙塑料人"说     

G＇/G展开法及其在求解变系数非线性演化方程的应用

在本文中,利用改进的G＇/G展开方法并且在计算机的帮助下,来构造变系数非线性演化方程的新的相互作用解.通过使用该方法,得到变系数非线性（2＋1）维painleve可积的Burgers方程的新的和更一般的相互作用解.获得了指数函数解,双曲函数解,三角函数解和有理函数解之间的相互作用解些解.这些解不仅具有一般性,而且具有一定的物理意义.     

健康城市视角下的可步行街道规划探究

满足人们绿色、安全、便捷、舒适的步行出行需求一直是公园城市建设的重点目标之一。由此可步行性研究的地位逐渐回归并且在社区尺度意义凸显。从相关概念内涵着手,梳理国内外研究现状,根据马斯洛需求层次理论的 6 个因素探讨围绕街区尺度可步行性的研究,并提出了基于户外行为类型的主动式需求设计、被动式引导设计 2 方面的设计策略及启示。     

北平山治北平观考察记

汉张陵天师道二十四治之一的北平山治，距成都一百四十里。关于北平山治北平观，献上有很多分歧的记载，要弄清问题，须亲历该地，实地考察，才能解决。 我们乘汽车到新津县永兴场下车，步行进入长秋山山区。深入彭山县境，登上陡峻的北平山，考察了北平观遗址，访问北平观附近居住的农民，使很多问题，得到正确解答。     

G’/G展开法及其在求解变系数非线性演化方程的应用

在本文中,利用改进的G’/G展开方法并且在计算机的帮助下,来构造变系数非线性演化方程的新的相互作用解.通过使用该方法,得到变系数非线性(2+1)维painleve可积的Burgers方程的新的和更一般的相互作用解.获得了指数函数解,双曲函数解,三角函数解和有理函数解之间的相互作用解些解.这些解不仅具有一般性,而且具有一定的物理意义.     

广胜寺水神庙元代壁画——下棋图

正位于广胜寺水神庙殿内西壁北部上隅。图中绘官吏对坐攻棋。在群山峦谷之中,棋盘席地而放,左方官员一腿盘曲,一腿垂于石前,目光炯炯,右手举棋未定;右方官员亦一腿盘曲,一腿直伸,右手扶地,左手撑于腿面,聚精会神地注视着对方的攻势。棋盘后四位侍者观战,有的捧酒,有的持扇,神态各异,棋局中的激烈战     

A Bi‐objective Optimization Model for Designing Safe Walking Routes for School Children

This study uses a mathematical optimization approach to design safe walking routes from school to home for children. Children are thought to be safer when walking together in groups rather than alone. Thus, we assume that the risk of walking along a given road segment in a group is smaller than that of walking the same segment alone. At the same time, the walking route between school and home for each child should not deviate substantially from the shortest route. We propose a bi‐objective model that minimizes both the total risk (particularly, the total distance walked alone) and the total walking distance for all children. We present an integer programming formulation of the proposed problem and apply this formulation to two instances based on actual road networks. We obtain Pareto optimal solutions using a mathematical programming solver and analyze the characteristics of the solutions and their potential applicability to real situations. The results show that the proposed model produces much better solutions compared with the solution where each child walks along the shortest path from school to home. In some optimal solutions, only a small deviation from the shortest path results in a dramatic reduction of the risk objective.     

A political geography of walking in Jordan: Movement and politics

The past 10-15 years has seen the growth of walking groups taking walkers from Amman to rural parts of Jordan at weekends and the development of the Jordan Trail. Through the narration and analysis of everyday accounts of walking, this paper explores political geographies of identity, movement, and territory in Jordan. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork, I suggest that at the heart of a growth of walking for leisure in Jordan are important political questions. How is walking conditioned by situated cultural politics? How can walking unearth intimate and embodied accounts of territory in Jordan? I build upon three developments in political geography to do this. First, research on political geography and walking; second research on everyday political geographies of the Middle East; third, critical and feminist work on territory. Literature on political geography and walking is developed by centring Jordanian walkers and the (post)colonial context of Jordan to explore what walking means under different political conditions and for individual bodies. In doing so I contribute to work on identity and nationalism in Jordan and the importance of the everyday to explore political geographies of the Middle East. I develop critical and feminist work on territory by arguing that walking bodies make and contest territory and in doing so calling for greater synergies between cultural and political geography. These arguments are made in two empirical sections. The first explores how different people talk about walking, the language for walking, and assumptions about walking bodies. The second explores how walking connects different bodies to territory, and creates territorial nationalist narratives, but also how walking can highlight indigenous and embodied relations with territory. This paper concludes that walking is political because it shapes and is shaped by situated political geographies and because it enables embodied and intimate accounts of territory to emerge.     

论"大跃进"战略的形成

1957年批判"反冒进",形成了所谓"积极平衡"的理论、生产建设中浮夸风的政治气候和行政运行上的互动机制。在毛泽东看来,要加快中国经济的发展速度,资金和物资的缺口可以依赖发动群众实现"积极平衡"。发动群众,其思想渊源与当年"大生产运动"有着密切联系,在经济上的涵义是充分利用中国丰富的劳动力资源。于是,在中国,"以苏为鉴"、"走自己的路"就意味着:通过充分利用劳动力资源,既试图加快重工业的发展,又试图在较少资金投入下加快农业和轻工业的发展;工业的发展实行"两条腿走路"。在此路径下,"人定胜天"的观念与浮夸风两者相互作用,终于形成了"大跃进"战略。     

Effect of Scale on the Links between Walking and Urban Design

Studies of the relationship between walking and urban form consistently show that pedestrian‐friendly neighbourhoods encourage local walking. However, the geographic scale of measurement of the built environment for developing walkability indices and their relationship with different types of walking (e.g. for transport and recreation) has not been fully examined. In this study, objective measures of the built environment were developed at three geographic scales: suburb, census collection district, and 15 min walk neighbourhood for each participant. Walking for transport and recreation within the neighbourhood was measured using the Neighbourhood Physical Activity Questionnaire. The likelihood of walking at all (yes/no) and as recommended for health benefit (150 min per week) were assessed using logistic regression. The walkability index captured a strong positive relationship between urban form and walking for transport, but found no relationship at any scale for recreational walking. Participants walking for transport and living in high versus low walkable areas were 63% more likely to walk at the suburb scale (odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence interval 1.22–2.18), twice as likely to walk at the census collection district scale, and nearly three times more likely to walk at the 15 min walk scale (odds ration 2.79; 95% confidence interval 2.09–3.73). The scale at which environmental data are measured influenced the strength of the relationship, showing that the neighbourhood 15 min from home was most predictive of transport walking. This has research and policy implications. Standardised scales across studies would both improve comparability of results and enhance understanding of the influences on walking.     

Wandering intellectuals: establishing a research agenda on gender,walking, and thinking

Building on a study of three women who practice walking-for-thinking as a part of their intellectual work, the analysis identifies potential themes for a future research agenda on gender, walking, and thinking. A particular focus is the subtle, daily, management of gendered expectations and ways in which walking, for these women, is a contribution to such management. We name this ‘walking away from expectations’ and identify three themes: walking away from others’ gaze, walking away from restlessness and domestic responsibility, and walking away as belonging. Walking emerges as a skilful way of creating the conditions to do one’s intellectual work and manage gendered expectations. Further, the meanings of silences about gender in the context of intellectual work and walking is discussed and questions for future research agenda are suggested.     

A relational approach to walking: Methodology,metalanguage, and power relations

To better understand walking practices and the power relations informing them, Mattias Kärrholm and colleagues argue for a relational methodology and metalanguage. In the process, they propose a threefold approach: (a) identify different walking assemblages; (b) investigate how diverse types of walking assemblage relate in series; and (c) study how certain objects can gather or bind series together and act as boundary objects. In this article, we explore the worth of that approach, drawing on research interviews held over 2015–16 with residents from Wollongong, Australia, during a period when their municipal government was implementing a walkable city strategy. Here, we analyse participants' conversations with us for what they reveal about walking types, walking assemblages, interseriality, objects of passage, and boundary objects—five terms used by Kärrholm et al. to interrogate urban walking. Our work suggests that participants are adept at gauging the constant transformations that characterise their walks. This narrative evaluative capacity is, perhaps paradoxically, both compelling and mundane and suggests that participants make sense of a range of meanings from complex social and spatial dynamics and do so in ways that highlight privilege and disadvantage in the city. These findings have wider relevance for those interested in walking and mobilities studies and methodologies.     

(Just) a walk with the dog? Animal geographies and negotiating walking spaces

In this paper, we present findings from interviews conducted with people who walk with dogs. Drawing on new walking studies and animal geographies as our theoretical framework, we adopt the view that walking is more than just walking; it is often a highly sensual and complex activity. We argue that walking with dogs represents a potentially important cultural space for making sense of human–animal relations. We show how the personalities of both dog and walker can shape not only walking practices, but also the human–animal bond. We contend that the walk is a significant arena where relations of power between animal and human are consciously mediated. We also provide evidence which indicates the contested nature of walking practices and spaces. We conclude that the dog walk is a useful practice through which to examine human–animal relations and thus to contribute to the field of animal geographies.     

Sense and the city: exploring the embodied geographies of urban walking

Within UK pedestrian policy, walking is promoted as a sustainable mode of transport that benefits both the body and mind. However, much policy discussion assumes all walking to be the same and a largely self-evident means of transport, whilst many academic engagements with walking are highly abstract theorisations that lack any systematic empirical exploration of actual pedestrian practices. As such, there is little that unpacks the experiences of those who navigate, negotiate, and traverse the city streets in their day-to-day lives. In contrast, this paper aims to situate and understand the practice of everyday walking in the unfolding experiences of urban pedestrians. Walking is positioned and understood as a socio-technical assemblage that enables specific attention to be drawn to the embodied, material and technological relations and their significance for engaging with everyday urban movements on foot. The analysis draws upon in-depth interview and walking photo diary data from participants in the inner London boroughs of Islington and Hackney. Particular analytic attention to the different styles and conventions of urban walking and how these are intimately linked to bodily senses and the materiality of the city provides an opportunity for creating an increased engagement between urban and pedestrian policy and urban and social theory.     

Pluralising the walking interview: researching (im)mobilities with Muslim women

Abstract

Within writing on walking practices, walking has often been presented as pleasurable, relaxing, and even liberatory. Research using walking interviews has recognised that different kinds of bodies can be excluded from mobile methods, impacting upon place-based knowledge production. However, the social and cultural politics of the walking interview remains underplayed, an omission that is acutely apparent in a context of urban diversity. This article investigates the ways in which walking practices intersect with social difference, particularly in relation to faith, ethnicity and gender. It argues for the need to pluralise mobile methods in order to more subtly address social distinctions, and further offers empirical observations on the embodied experiences and socio-spatial practices of Muslim women in the city of Birmingham, U.K.     

‘Walking … just walking’: how children and young people's everyday pedestrian practices matter

This paper considers the importance of walking for many children and young people's everyday lives, experiences and friendships. Drawing upon research with 175 9- to 16-year-olds living in new urban developments in south-east England, we highlight key characteristics of (daily, taken-for-granted, ostensibly aimless) walking practices, which were of constitutive importance in children and young people's friendships, communities and geographies. These practices were characteristically bounded, yet intense and circuitous. They were vivid, vital, loved, playful, social experiences yet also dismissed, with a shrug, as ‘just walking’. We argue that ‘everyday pedestrian practices’ (after Middleton 2010, 2011) like these require critical reflection upon chief social scientific theorisations of walking, particularly the large body of literature on children's independent mobility and the rich, multi-disciplinary line of work known as ‘new walking studies’. In arguing that these lines of work could be productively interrelated, we propound ‘just walking’—particularly the often-unremarked way it matters—as a kind of phenomenon which is sometimes done a disservice by chief lines of theory and practice in social and cultural geography.