筚路蓝缕：1979年—1984年广东经济特区的初创

2020年是中国经济特区创办40周年。史学界一般认为,广东三个经济特区的正式创办始于1980年8月《广东省经济特区条例》的正式颁布。实际上,从1979年7月中发[1979]50号文下发到1984年初邓小平第一次视察经济特区并对若干问题发表重要讲话的四年多时间,都可以说是广东经济特区的初创阶段。这期间,广东三个经济特区结合自身实际,在不断摸索中前进,取得了初步成就,绘就出经济特区的最初设计图,奠定了广东经济特区起步时期发展的基调。     

胡耀邦与广东改革开放二三事

正在改革初期的20世纪80年代,作为改革开放的开拓者和探索者,胡耀邦面对传统意识形态和党内不同意见的压力,以极大的智慧和勇气,最早站出来坚定捍卫广东改革开放和经济特区发展过程中的众多新生事物,竭力解决改革开放过程中遇到的众多实际问题,为中国尤其是广东改革开放、经济特区的创新发展付出了大量心血,作出了突出贡献。帮助广东向中央争取经济自主权1979年元月,胡耀邦来到深圳、珠海,在深圳、珠     

习仲勋重回广东考察

正1987年2月上旬至3月11日,习仲勋重回广东考察。在为期一个多月的工作考察中,他的足迹遍及广州、深圳、珠海、江门、佛山、肇庆、韶关等23个市、县。会见了各市(地)、县的负责人和广东的一些离退休老同志;会见了港澳知名人士霍英东、马万祺、胡应湘、柯正平等人。习仲勋勉励广东干部群众要继续坚持改革、开放、搞活的方针,不断总结经验,勇于开拓创新,把广东与经济特区搞得更好。     

梁凤仪的商旅生涯

香港著名财经女作家、香港勤+缘媒体服务公司行政总裁。1949年1月17日出生于香港,原籍广东新会,香港中文大学哲学博士。1992年获香港市政局与香港艺术家联盟合办的作家个奖。     

曾荫权 强势新特首

2005年,对香港来说是很特别的一年,这一届特区政府有两个特首,一个叫董建华,因身体不适而请辞;一个叫曾荫权,原本是董建华下属,2005年6月24日在北京人民大会堂宣誓就任。曾荫权是一个典型的“香港仔”成功故事,他由一个药行推销员爬至特区行政长官,他过去经历所塑造的性格在香港这个充斥广东人“精叻”、“古惑仔”特性的城市,自然是入形入格。     

历史时刻

<正>1984年1月24日至29日,邓小平视察深圳、珠海两个经济特区。2月7日至10日视察福建厦门和正在建设中的厦门经济特区。视察期间,邓小平为深圳特区题词:"深圳的发展和经验证明,我们建立经济特区的政策是正确的。"为珠海特区题词:"珠海经济特区好。"为厦门特区题词:"把经济特区办得更快些更好些。"2月24日,邓小平就办好经济特区和增加对外开放城市的问题同中央几位负责同志谈话。他说:我们建立经济特     

粤港商人与民初革命运动

广东是近代中国民主革命运动的策源地。迄至本世纪20年代初,在毗邻广东的香港居住的华人当中,大约99％是广东人。在当时寓港华商当中,广东人又居绝大多数。粤港两地在地理、人口、经济、文化上的紧密联系,使得已经沦为英国殖民地的香港,仍有可     

鸦片战争前后澳门地位的变化

澳门是我国广东珠江人海口西南端的一个半岛,现在面积约六平方公里,与香港犄角相对,形成珠江口的左右门户。澳门在中国历史,特别是中外关系史上有着重要地位:它是西方殖民主义向东方侵略扩张在中国的第一个基地;鸦片战争以前它是中国     

“香港自由行”三题

2003年9月“香港自由行”的正式开通,曾很是让深得其味的香港的零售业商户欢欣和内地常年经办团队香港游的旅游业者揪心。但几个月下来加以盘点,却发现“香港自由行”与内地地区自然气候环境恰恰形成了对应：南方热、北方寒。广东的“香港自由行”自发令枪响过之后一再升温。有消息     

沿海发展战略的形成与实施

<正>我们党在十一届三中全会上实现了由"阶级斗争为纲"到以经济建设为中心的历史转变,而经济的起飞则完全有赖于制订了正确的发展战略,即沿海城市率先对外开放,进而带动内陆经济高速发展。早在1979年7月,中央就确定广东、福建两省实行特殊政策、灵活措施、试办出口特区。1980年8月,五届人大常委会第十五次会议批准设立深圳、珠海、汕头、厦门4个经济特区。这些决策的目的是充分发挥侨乡和沿海优势,引进先进技术、先     

Territorial (In) Coherence: Labour and Special Economic Zones in Laos's Border Manufacturing

This article engages literature on special economic zones and territory in global development. I suggest a focus on labour's spatial class composition as constitutive of territorial coherence provides insights into how the Savan‐Seno Special Economic Zone in Lao PDR operates as an economic border territory bridging Laos to the regional and global economies. The distanciated global connections which special economic zones aim to create are predicated on zones gaining internal coherence for capital accumulation. I suggest zones’ internal coherence depends on zone firms reworking the local class composition of labour, itself constituted by workers’ spatial practices. In the Savan‐Seno zone this occurred through immobilising a mobile labour force and taking advantage of its continuing embeddedness within a subsistence rice‐producing village economy. The argument aims to illustrate how zones producing for global markets act as territories of complex spatiality which span and connect multiple spaces of production and workers’ social reproduction.     

China's Special Economic Zones at 30

Three Hong Kong-based geographers assess retrospectively the performance of special economic zones (SEZs) in China on the eve of the 30^th anniversary of their founding. After exploring the general rationale and historical context for the launching of the SEZ concept, they devote considerable attention to the divergent development paths and outcomes of the five SEZs established in China during the 1980s. Of particular importance has been the differing specific roles assigned to the SEZs based on their internal characteristics as well as location relative to (and interactions with) areas of intense commercial activity (Hong Kong and Macao) subsequently coming under Chinese sovereignty. The paper concludes by viewing the past performance of the SEZs within the context of the gathering momentum of globalization that afforded entry for their export-oriented manufacturing activities into world markets, and explores some implications of the current worldwide financial crisis for their future. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O180, O200, P200, R120. 1 figure, 3 tables, 56 references.     

在总结历史经验中理解和构建科学理论体系

中共十七大报告中关于经济问题的论述把经济规律与我国改革开放的实践历程相结合,充分体现了理论来自实践又指导实践的历史唯物主义的科学方法。十七大报告关于经济方面的论述有六个新提法:经济"发展"方式替代了经济"增长"方式,体现了对实践经验的总结和理论认识的深化;注重协调、调控和规划,体现了经济体制转轨进程中宏观调控的新特点;翻两番由"总量"到"人均",体现了经济发展水平与经济发展目标的新阶段;关注初次分配中的公平,要提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重,体现了收入分配领域在发展变革中的新动向;在过去提"工业化、城镇化、市场化、国际化"的同时增加了"信息化",首次在党代会报告中写入"廉租房制度",体现了生产力与城市化发展的新要求;将区域经济发展与国土开发联系起来,首次提出"推动区域协调发展,优化国土开发格局"和"主体功能区定位",体现了区域经济发展的新阶段与新思路。     

从新民主主义国营经济到社会主义国营经济--关于毛泽东新中国国营经济性质思想演变的历史考察

毛泽东的新民主主义理论是在中国共产党只是掌握了中国革命的部分领导权的特殊历史背景下提出的。第二次国共合作破裂后,中国共产党掌握了中国革命的全部领导权。由此,毛泽东的新民主主义理论也就转变成为初级社会主义理论。作为这一理论转型的中心环节之一,毛泽东在延安时期提出的新民主主义国营经济理论,这时也转变为西柏坡时期的社会主义国营经济理论。按照毛泽东的真实想法,我国建国初期将实行的,实际上并不是延安时期所设想的以新民主主义国营经济为主导的新民主主义的经济制度,而是以社会主义国营经济为主导的、五种经济成分并存的初级社会主义的经济制度。但毛泽东出于策略上的考虑,还是称之为“新民主主义经济”。这就是近半个世纪来人们普遍地误认为这种经济制度就是所谓“新民主主义经济制度”的直接原因。     

Economic statecraft in China's new overseas special economic zones: soft power,business or resource security?

China's rapidly growing economic engagement with other developing countries has aroused intense debates, but these debates have often generated more heat than light. The Chinese government is clearly pushing its companies to move offshore in greater numbers, and state‐owned firms figure prominently in many of the major investments abroad. Yet relatively little research exists on when, how and why the Chinese government intervenes in the overseas economic activities of its firms. China's state‐sponsored economic diplomacy in other developing countries could play three major strategic roles: strengthening resource security, enhancing political relationships and soft power, and boosting commercial opportunities for national firms. This article examines China's programme to establish overseas special economic zones as one tool of Beijing's economic statecraft. It traces the process by which they were established and implemented, and investigates the characteristics of the 19 zones initially selected in a competitive tender process. The article concludes that even in countries rich in natural resources, the overseas zones were overwhelmingly positioned as commercial projects. Particularly in the Asian zones, China is following in the footsteps of Japan. The zone programme, and the Chinese foreign investment it hoped to foster, represents a clear case of the international projection of China's developmental state. However, in Africa (but not generally elsewhere) discourse surrounding the zones publicly positions them as a transfer of China's own development success, thus potentially enhancing China's political relationships and soft power on the continent.     

Hong Kong under Chinese Sovereignty: Economic Relations with Mainland China, 1978-2007

A Hong Kong—based economic geographer presents an array of statistical data through 2007 that place Hong Kong among the world's leading financial, foreign trade, and air cargo handling centers. The paper's main focus is the economic relationship with Mainland China, which has grown and expanded since the change of the city's sovereignty in 1997. Included in the presentation is a review of economic integration before and after the handover by the UK to China, the pattern of cross-border investments and foreign trade, the growth of the logistics and tourism industries, and the challenges posed by changing economic relations, partly due to the rapid development of Hong Kong's hinterland. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O16, O18, O20, R11. 2 figures, 5 tables, 64 references.     

Foreign Banking in China: A Study of 279 Branch Units in 32 Cities

Two China-based geographers examine the gradual relaxation of restrictions on the activity of foreign banks in China as a prelude to a more focused investigation of the concentrated locational pattern of foreign banking in that country. The study, which embraces 32 Chinese cities, emphasizes the factors that have attracted foreign banks to particular cities and regions of China, including the existence of special banking opportunities, the so-called "follow-the customer" strategy, externalities associated with major financial centers such as Beijing and Shanghai, relaxed banking regimes in particular urban centers and special economic zones, and exposure to international trade and to a variety of foreign business enterprises. The locational preferences of foreign banks in relation to their countries of origin are addressed in some detail.     

Britain,European Economic Community Enlargement,and ‘Decolonisation’ in Hong Kong, 1967–1973

Politicians and businesspeople in Hong Kong paid close attention to British efforts to join the European Economic Community (EEC). The British colony was exempted from most tariffs in Britain, an arrangement that could not survive EEC enlargement. EEC members were unwilling to extend to Hong Kong, a significant exporter of manufactured goods, the same trade preferences offered to other dependent territories. Instead, the unique provision the EEC made for the colony was limited inclusion into their Generalised System of Preferences scheme, which granted tariff concessions to developing countries. Historians of Hong Kong have shown how the colony experienced British imperial withdrawal in a number of ways, despite remaining under British rule until 1997. This article demonstrates that an important element is missing from this account: how global economic shifts led to an erosion of imperial ties. EEC enlargement from 1973 entailed the end of Hong Kong's privileged access to the British market, but for the colony, the importance of imperial economic links had already faded. At the same time, an assessment of Hong Kong's capacity to pursue favourable terms of trade in global markets independently from Britain offers a more tentative conclusion of the extent of the colony's autonomy.     

Rural Development Patterns in Post-Reform China: The Pearl River Delta Region in the 1990s

Since the reforms that began in 1979, economic development in China has been marked by four major policy initiatives: the re-integration of the Chinese economy with the global economy, the decentralization of economic decision making away from the central state to lower levels, and, especially in the coastal regions, the shift away from subsistence agriculture towards rural industrialization and increasing commercialization. In this article, the effects of the reform policies are discussed in the context of the Pearl River delta region, the economic core of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong. Closely proximate to Hong Kong, with many Overseas Chinese connections, the province was given opportunities to innovate within the new policy option and has been marked by rapid economic growth. The article focuses on the impact of industrialization, commercialization, and globalization in four contrasting areas of the Pearl River delta in the 1980s and 1990s. At a general level, what McGee has called desakota zones have emerged and follow a development process which is similar to that observed in parts of East and Southeast Asia in the 1970s. When examined from the perspective of villages and localities, the blending of government policies, geographical location, and market forces with an array of local social values has resulted in separate and distinctive patterns of development.     

Improbable Art: The Creative Economy and Sustainable Cluster Development in a Hong Kong Industrial District

A noted Singapore-based cultural geographer and specialist on Asia analyzes the emergence and functioning of a unique artistic cluster in Hong Kong's Fotan light industrial district. The objective of the research is to understand how artistic work in the cluster, despite some challenges, has thus far proven sustainable in cultural, social, and economic terms. The findings of this case study permit further clarification of several dimensions of an emerging theory of cultural/creative clusters, which should be considered as distinct from business and industrial clusters. Selective comparisons between the Fotan cluster and the Moganshan Lu cluster in Shanghai demonstrate that cultural/creative clusters do not face uniform challenges in striking a balance between economic and cultural sustainability.