"不承认主义"政策在美国对华外交中的首次使用

中国史学界对美国“不承认主义”外交政策的介绍往往是与“史汀生主义”相提并论的,而事实上“不承认主义”并不等于“史汀生主义”,它的使用范围远远超过了“史汀生主义”的使用范围。更为重要的是,1932年“史汀生主义”的提出,并非美国政府第一次对华使用“不承认主义”外交政策,早在1915年,美国就在对华问题上使用过“不承认主义”外交政策了。     

中世纪主义的起源与流变

从词源学角度来看,“中世纪主义”(medievalism)是从“中世纪的”(medieval)一词衍生而来。从语义学角度来看,“中世纪主义”并不是一个新词,莱斯利·沃克曼赋予了其新的内涵,中世纪主义是创造中世纪的持续进程,一切后中世纪对中世纪的研究、阐释、建构和运用等都可以被称之为中世纪主义。中世纪主义作为一种思潮,始于中世纪结束,一直延续至今。对这种思潮的研究始于20世纪70年代,经过近半个世纪的发展,中世纪主义研究已经成为西方重要的学术研究领域之一。不过,对其展开系统化和理论化研究仍面临着概念界定不清、研究理论不完善等诸多困难和挑战。     

试析鲁迅的女子教育观

鲁迅处在一个奴化女子教育盛行的半是满清,半是民国的时代,鲁迅抨击当时社会存在的“贤母良妻主义”教育：包括批判“坚壁清野主义”、“寡妇主义”教育并揭露封建教育卫道士的恶行。鲁迅为女子教育的发展做出了重要贡献,推动了社会的进步。     

19世纪与20世纪之交的日本亚洲主义

19世纪与 2 0世纪之交 ,日本出现过“亚洲主义” (亦称“大亚细亚主义”)思潮 ,这一思潮早期表现为抵御列强的“亚洲同盟论”与“中日连携”思想 ;以后演绎出文化亚洲观 ;最后则异变为与“大陆政策”相连的侵略主义理论。     

战后欧洲联合中“联邦主义”思潮的初步考察

在战后欧洲联合进程中,一直存在“欧洲联邦主义”(Eurofederalism,以下简称“联邦主义”)和“政府间主义”(intergovernmentalism)两种主张。20世纪80年代,一位曾在欧共体委员会任职的英国人写道：“联邦主义和政府间主义,超国家主义和不同民族国家间的合作：关于欧洲的两种概念……从共同体建立的初期起就在彼此竞争。”它们涉及到欧洲联合要达到什么     

归去来兮凯恩斯——“凯恩斯主义”盛衰演变与现代资本主义经济周期的关系初探

50— 60年代 ,为解决严重的生产过剩危机 ,“凯恩斯主义”风靡西方世界。凯恩斯经济学的实施 ,导致了新的通货膨胀危机 ,70年代后凯恩斯经济学悄然退场 ,各色“新自由主义”经济学一度回潮。80年代末、90年代初 ,高失业率和生产停滞重新成为美国等西方国家的主要经济问题 ,与之相顺应 ,“凯恩斯主义”渐露复兴迹象。“凯恩斯主义”的荣衰进退 ,是资本主义经济周期自然发展的必然选择。“新凯恩斯主义”的出现 ,标志着西方主流经济学派随着经济危机的复杂化而趋向融合     

乾隆“西洋馆译语”书题语源考

清乾隆皇帝敕编的五种"西洋馆译语"分别为汉语与法、德、葡、意及拉丁语的对译字书。前四种书题中的国名均采用拉丁语而非本土语言,与其他"华夷译语"类字书习惯不同,这是因为"西洋馆译语"的编者系来华的传教士,而拉丁正是当时传教士的通用语言。最后一种《拉氐诺话》中的"拉氐诺"来自Latina的中性形式Latinum。     

“平等主义”与“性别主义”——简议美国女性主义史学的两条思路

美国女性主义史学至少包含两条不同的思路——“平等主义”与“性别主义”。“平等主义”起源于启蒙人权观念。借助启蒙人权观念,美国女权主义者自19世纪末20世纪初第一波女权运动浪潮以来,便开始呼吁男女平等。但在现实斗争中,男女平等的诉求遭遇了较大的阻力,女权运动进展有限。女权主义者不得不将思路转向“性别主义”。“性别主义”强调女性为人妻母的传统角色,并以此名义涉足公共领域,突破了“分离领域”的界限。如此一来,“性别主义”便从早期的权宜之策转变为一种越来越成熟的女权主义思路。上述两条思路从现实逐渐延伸到史学研究之中,催生了关注性别不平等和关注女性力量两个类别的女性主义历史书写。     

我国的司法能动主义：理论与实践的反思

目前，司法能动主义的呼声在我国法学界占据了主导地位，并已在司法理论和实践中对其进行了探索。尤其在民事诉讼领域，司法能动主义的实践创新更为突出。但是，我国对于司法能动主义不管是理论上的理解，还是实践中的探索都存在很多争议。在本文中笔者认为司法能动主义在中国的探索不应该采取过于“能动”的方式，而是应该顺应中国的实际和特点，以实现司法公正为目的．缓慢地推进。     

"九一八"事变后日本"亚洲主义"意识形态的政策化

近代日本的“亚洲主义”并非一定以对抗欧美为根本目的,因而它与所谓的“协调主义”路线之间并不存在绝对的对立。这意味着“亚洲主义”意识形态的政策化存在着可能性。尤其在“九一八”事变之后的特殊历史背景下,它自下而上,由日本陆海军、外务省等各分支机构到最高首脑决策,经历了一个逐渐向外交国策渗透发展并最终讨论成型的复杂过程。可以说1933年斋藤内阁“五相会议”所制定的《外交方针》正是其政策化的典型表现。该方针将“协调主义”作为辅助手段,明确宣布今后日本的国策在于“实现帝国指导下日、满、华的提携共助”。这意味着“不放弃协调主义的亚洲主义政策”在当时已告形成。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.