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1.
澳大利亚共和运动是一场事关国家政治制度变革和转型的社会运动,是当今澳大利亚社会颇为关注的热点问题。澳大利亚特有的共和主义以及澳大利亚民族的成熟和国家独立性的加强是这场运动的起源,并赋予它特定内涵。它从一个侧面折射出澳大利亚现代化的特色和发展轨迹。 相似文献
2.
20世纪70年代澳大利亚开始将经贸重点转向亚洲。90年代初,基廷政府提出了“面向亚洲”、“融入亚洲”的口号与政策,并采取了一系列切实的行动。本探讨了澳大利亚面向亚洲政策形成的基本动因、“面向”与“融入”的内涵以及分期与基本内容等问题。 相似文献
3.
20世纪70年代的经济危机使英国的福利制度陷入困境。撒切尔政府上台后,对英国的福利制度进行了改革,主要目的是削减福利开支,使福利供给多元化和市场化。撒切尔政府的福利制度改革是英国政党斗争的产物,它反映了英国政党政治与社会福利的关系。 相似文献
4.
早在欧洲人到来之前,澳大利亚这片广袤土地上的主人是土著民族。这些土著民族的先民(4万年前的第四纪冰河时期乘独木舟从亚洲来到澳大利亚)远在史前时代就已经创造了他们的独特文化。欧洲人的到来改变了澳大利亚的民族与文化构成,也打断了土著民族自由发展的历史。1788年英国的库克船长在悉尼湾登陆,西方文化与土著文化之间的矛盾就开始在 相似文献
5.
英国于二战后正式建立福利国家,它的发展与政党政治密切相关。虽然福利制度的健全也产生了一些弊病,乃至70年代末出现了所谓的英国病,但英国仍不失为一个发达的福利国家,而它背后所蕴藏的民族精神更让我们为之动容。 相似文献
6.
澳大利亚自1901年立国至今,其民族政策经历了"白澳政策"、同化政策、多元文化政策这三个阶段,做到了由歧视性民族政策到包容性民族政策的转变,使民族多样性在澳大利亚无法扭转的情况下,必须以多元文化政策这个包容性的政策来调节澳大利亚内部的民族矛盾,使自己在国际关系与舆论中处于一个有利于自己的地位。澳大利亚政府使外来移民与土著获得与白人居民同样的地位与权力,这样使澳大利亚人力资源十分丰富,更有利于澳大利亚资源的开发与经济发展,使澳大利亚向更加和谐的状态发展。 相似文献
7.
澳大利亚民族的生成与发展进程表现为英国移民的观念及身份由“澳大利亚英国人”演变为“澳大利亚人”的本土化。导致这种演变的内在因素是这些移民的民族认同取向由英国渐变为澳大利亚,进而形成诸多澳洲化的特有性,主要内容包含有社会权利、“白澳”意识、母国情结、经济利益等方面。这一演变过程进行于19世纪期间。 相似文献
8.
澳大利亚是一个移民国家,移民政策是其基本国策之一,而技术型移民政策在其移民政策中占有重要地位。20世纪70年代以来,澳大利亚不断调整技术型移民政策并对华人新移民产生了深刻的影响。 相似文献
9.
由青年学王宇博撰写的澳大利亚现代化研究专《澳大利亚——在移植中再造》,已于2000年4月由四川人民出版社出版。这是国内迄今为止第一本系统论述澳大利亚现代化的作,也是钱乘旦教授主编的国家211工程基金项目《英联邦国家现代化研究丛书》之一。 相似文献
10.
二十世纪 60 年代,澳大利亚白澳政策走向终结;二十世纪 70 年代,多元文化政策登上国家舞台。多元文化政策在一定程度上缓解了民族矛盾,促进了国家经济发展。然而在实施多元文化政策时,过度提倡多元文化主义思想和强调民族多样性也容易破坏国家的凝聚力。独居孤岛之上的海南省是一个多民族组成的省份,与澳大利亚的地理位置和民族情况有着某种相似之处。在建设民族关系、促进地区发展时,海南省可以吸收借鉴澳大利亚多元文化政策的经验,并根据自身情况做出相应调整。 相似文献
11.
过去的30多年,有着鲜明计划经济烙印的社会福利制度随着经济转轨经历了从初始的起步探索,到后来逐渐转型和步入正轨的艰辛的改革历程。职工福利分解、社会福利社会化推进、社区服务普及、农村社会福利重构、适度普惠型福利探索等凝结为改革成果,初步形成了新型社会福利体系,但这些改革在社会福利的目标模式上是初级的、不全面的和不平衡的。面对变化的国情,处理好发展与公平的关系,构建适度普惠型社会福利制度,是中国社会福利的目标选择。 相似文献
12.
While the use of public policy to construct a Canadian identity has been established in the literature, what is less well understood is whether national identity, once established, might shape Canadians' feelings about these same public policies. This article examines the extent to which citizens' national identities influence their pride in Canada's social security system, and how this relationship may be changing over time. Using data from the International Social Science Programme's 1995 and 2003 National Identity Modules, the article argues that citizens' national identities help explain the contours of social security attitudes in Canada, and that this relationship persists despite significant policy change in the field. Additionally, the paper suggests that political actors may successfully increase public support for their social security policies by “framing” them in ways that appeal to citizens' definitions of Canada. 相似文献
13.
清初,鄂伦春族在传统的氏族型社会福利之外出现了新生的政府型社会福利。历经民国、伪满到新中国建国初期,氏族型社会福利制度在国家管理等因素的影响下逐渐终结,政府型社会福利逐渐壮大并最终取而代之。同时,政府型社会福利也从清初的"统治利用型",经过民国的"平等扶助型"萌芽与伪满时期的被废除,于新中国建国初期转换为"平等扶助型"的社会福利制度。 相似文献
14.
计划经济时期中国社会福利制度的历史考察 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从20世纪50年代起,在计划经济体制的历史背景下,中国形成了比较完整的社会福利体系,对促进经济发展和保障人民生活起到了至关重要的作用,其积极贡献不可磨灭。但同时,这一时期的社会福利制度又具有鲜明的计划经济体制的烙印,具有很大的历史局限性。加强其研究对构建与社会主义市场经济新体制相匹配的社会福利制度具有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
15.
Alf Sjöblom 《Scandinavian journal of history》2019,44(5):617-639
A common narrative in welfare state research is that Sweden exemplifies a specific model of welfare, ‘the Swedish model’, or ‘the Social democratic welfare regime’. From this perspective the emerging welfare state left little room for private initiatives – the stage was set for the development of an encompassing welfare state in the 1950s. In this article I argue that this, virtually hegemonic, perspective has hindered an analysis of how private insurance co-existed and thrived within the emerging Swedish welfare state. As an alternative approach to ‘modelling’ – the concept of welfare-formation is developed to analyse mutually sustaining practices of welfare. I show how the insurance business and its protagonists influenced the settings of public pension schemes in a way that underpinned their own interests. A close cooperation with the state apparatus was fundamental for creating a trustworthy insurance market and legitimizing the business claim of fulfilling a social mission. The business adaptability in the shifting landscape of social policy also influenced perceptions of security and welfare in general. Commercial ideals became an essential dimension of the welfare state. By exploring this marginalized history – the business of welfare – the study deepens our understanding of modern welfare societies. 相似文献
16.
Stephan Frühling 《Australian Journal of International Affairs》2014,68(5):531-547
Since the Vietnam War, Australian defence policy has been based on the concept of self-reliance—the ability to defend Australia without allied combat forces. Self-reliance arose from concerns about US support in conflict with Indonesia. It has implications for Australian foreign policy, force structuring, joint operations and the defence industry, which were most coherently laid out in the 1987 White Paper. Later White Papers adapted this framework, but the 2013 White Paper seems to move towards a new approach to defence policy and strategy, which continued use of the term ‘self-reliance’ obscures rather than elucidates. 相似文献
17.
《Australian journal of political science》2012,47(2):155-172
This paper uses Australian Bureau of Statistics fiscal incidence figures to track trends in the Australian welfare state across the period 1984 to 2004. Its general aim is to assess the proposition that recent governments have been ‘grave-diggers’ of the welfare state in Australia. More specifically, it tracks the overall level of social expenditure at the household level and the degree of vertical redistribution between households. Since the period in question covers twelve years of Labor and eight years of Coalition government in Canberra, the authors also seek evidence of political effect in welfare state trends. Their general conclusion is that far from succumbing to neoliberalism, the Australian welfare state became if anything even larger over this period. Neither bipartisan economic liberalisation, nor competing party welfare policies, made much difference to the welfare state when viewed through a fiscal incidence lens. 相似文献
18.
Kylie Message 《International Journal of Cultural Policy》2013,19(2):201-221
This article explores the actions taken by the Australian Government during the period of 2007–2010 in regard to its proposal to develop a new national cultural policy. Despite its stated commitment to the creation of opportunities for the re-articulation of existing publics and the formation of new ones, the newly elected federal government’s social inclusion and productivity policies did not, at any stage, seek to draw a positive or causal association between museums and social change. This was despite the museum sector’s numerous attempts to communicate its value in precisely these terms to government. It was also despite the precedents for this policy initiative that existed internationally, particularly in the UK. This article explores the actions taken by the Australian Government during the period of 2007–2010, the international context within which these occurred, and the reactions generated by the museum and collections sector in response to the events. 相似文献
19.
Staffan Förhammar 《Scandinavian journal of history》2016,41(1):110-131
So far, studies of Swedish 20th-century social policy have emphasized the differences between the voluntary aid common around 1900 and the solidarity of welfare policy at mid-century. Means tests have been described as central instruments in the voluntary social work, while the welfare state was built on general principles of care. The question is, however, if the differences between the earlier and later forms of social policy can be characterized in such simple terms. A comparison has been made of departure points found in the social policies of the two periods. The results confirm that a significantly new way of thinking had taken shape in the years around the Second World War, but the study also shows that that the ideas concerning the welfare state contain threads that can be traced back to the scientific philanthropy of a few years earlier. The idea of social engineering was nothing new, and the idea that rights could be exchanged for duties had still not been deserted in the 1940s. In conclusion it can be said that the welfare state and the welfare politics of solidarity in several respects were built upon the principles of care that were formulated in about 1900. 相似文献
20.
英国现代社会保障制度的建立(1870-1914) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
1870-1914年是英国现代社会保障制度建立的时代。社会问题的严重化和济贫法制度的失效是英国现代社会保障制度建立的基本原因。工人运动的发展极大地促进了这一制度的建立,费边社会主义、集体主义和新自由主义为英国现代社会保障制度的建立提供了理论基础。1908年的《养老金法》、1911年的《国民保险法》所建立起来的社会保险制度,标志着英国现代社会保障制度的基本确立。英国现代社会保障制度的建立是英国社会福利制度的一次根本性转变,但它还存在一些明显的局限性。 相似文献