论北宋开封地区的气候变迁及其特点

北宋开封地区的气候,绝大部分时间表现为继唐代以来我国气候变迁史上第三个温暖期的延续。其转变为第三个寒冷期的时间不是如近几十年来学者们承竺可桢所说的北宋前期,而是在北宋后期的徽宗初年。建中靖国元年前后,该地气候突然发生明显变化而进入了新的寒冷期。其间尽管这里的气候在徽宗、钦宗年间曾出现过由温暖期向寒冷期的突变,但总体上是一个渐进的变化过程。在当时每一段温暖期与另一段寒冷期气候交替变化的周期中,每一个较长时间的气候变化周期内都有若干个气候暖、冷交替变化的短周期,甚至在每一个短的气候暖、冷变化的周期内还有一些特别偏寒冷或偏温暖的年份。     

清代昆明地区(1721-1900年)冬季平均气温序列的重建与初步分析

本文利用清代档案中的相关资料,建立冬季降雪和干季降水的双因子回归方程,重建了1721-1855年间昆明的冬季平均气温序列,并利用其它资料补出了1856-1900年间的10年冬季平均温度序列。分析表明,18-19世纪昆明皆处于偏冷的时期,其间又有一定的波动,大致可分为4个冷期和3个偏暖的时期。且昆明气温变化存在跃升现象。而和全国其它地方比较,在大的冷暖方面基本一致,但也有很多差异。     

苍山雪与历史气候冷期变迁研究

苍山雪与历史气候冷期变迁研究＊于希贤〔作者案：此论文是１９７８年所撰写的《苍山雪与云南历史时期气候变迁》改题而成。原文为１９７４年开题研究，经三年努力而成。当时此文经十多次投稿，没有一家学术刊物愿意采用。退稿通知书中有“某些冷、暖时段与竺可桢《中国五...     

数字

国家统计局7月9日发布数据显示,6月份CPI同比上涨6．4％,比5月份上升0．9个百分点,创3年来新高。其中食品价格同比上涨14．4％,是推动物价上行的主要力量。     

河南三门峡市印染厂唐墓清理简报

1965年 ,河南省文化局文物工作队(现河南省文物考古研究所 )在配合三门峡市的基建工作中 ,发掘了一批唐墓 ,其中印染厂就有一百多座。现将其中编号为Ｔ9区2 7号的Ｍ3 6(以下简为Ｍ 3 6)整理结果简报如下。一、墓葬形制Ｍ3 6为单室土洞墓 ,方向 1 80°,由墓道、墓室两部分组成。墓道为长方形竖井式 ,底长 2 50米 (钻探 ) ,宽 1 2 4米 ,深5 2 0米。墓室平面为长方形 ,底长 4 2 0米 ,图一　三门峡市印染厂唐墓平面图1、 15 铜镜　 2 铜锁　 3 铁地券　 4、 17 瓷唾盂　 5 陶砚　 6、 2 0 铜环　 7 铜钱　 8 铁镰　 9、10、 14、 2 2 …     

御龙湾小区明代建筑遗址石磨盘、石臼表面淀粉粒鉴定报告

<正>对御龙湾小区明代建筑遗址淀粉粒的研究共采集12个样品,来自石磨盘和石臼表面,提取出187颗淀粉粒,其中除F3-6∶974、F3-8∶978、T2(4)∶979这3个样品发现较多淀粉粒外,其余9个样品中提取出的淀粉粒均不超过5粒。(表1)共有13颗淀粉粒因形态破碎无法鉴定,剩余174颗淀粉粒根据其形态特征,可以分为4类,分别来自高粱、小麦、块根块茎     

小寒

每年的1月6日前后,太阳到达黄经285°时为小寒。马年小寒为农历十一月十六,公历2015年1月6日。小寒标志着我国开始进入一年中最寒冷的日子。根据国家气象资料,小寒是气温最低的节气,只有少数年份的大寒气温低于小寒的。俗话说,"冷在三九"。"三九"多在1月9日至17日,也恰在小寒节气内。到了小寒时节,也是老中医和中药房最忙的时候,一般入冬时熬制     

九歌拍卖

北京九歌2007春季大型艺术品拍卖会将于8月14日至17日在北京市朝阳区东三环北路8号亮马河大厦举行。预展时间:2007年8月14—16日(14、15日9:00-20:00,16日9:00-18:00)。此次春拍分别开设中国古代,近现代书画专场、中国当代专场、油画雕塑专场以及玉器瓷杂四个专场。这场以真、精、美为宗旨的艺术珍品拍卖会将充分展现中国艺术品投资市场的恒久魅力与发展潜质。     

周先公世系补遗

司马迁根据《世本》、《牒记》等典籍写成《史记·周本纪》,列武王以前周先公世系如下: (1)弃(后稷)-(2)不(?)-(3)鞠-(4)公刘-(5)庆节-(6)皇仆-(7)差弗-(8)毁(?)-(9)公非-(10)高圉-(11)亚圉-(12)公叔祖类-(13)古公(?)父-(14)季历(公季)-(15)昌(西伯、文王)这里自后稷至文王,父死子继,共15世计15公。又说:“后稷之兴,在陶唐、虞、夏之际,皆有令德。”     

过去千年黄土高原干湿变化和极端干旱事件与太平洋年代际振荡

本文利用历史文献资料重建了黄土高原地区过去千年的干湿变化及极端干旱事件序列。在过去千年中,AD1520左右黄土高原发生过一次由干向湿的转变。极端干旱事件在过去千年有三个持续大约250年的多发期。干湿变化与极端干旱事件的对应关系表明二者呈现独立演变的趋势。黄土高原干湿变化总体上与东亚夏季风呈较好的正相关关系。但在升温时这种关系并不稳定。而极端事件则在暖时段与冷谷时发生概率偏高。与PDO对比结果显示,千年尺度上黄土高原干湿变化同PDO存在显著的正相关关系,极端干旱事件在PDO处于暖相位时发生概率显著上升,且在一定程度上受到SOI的影响。     

On the association between the QBO and the extratropical stratosphere

Although diagnostic studies and mechanistic model experiments have found that, on average, the polar vortex in northern winter is stronger and colder in the west than in the east years of the equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), we show with an expanded data base that the results are not statistically significant. The reason for the insignificance is that in 36% of the winters (13 out of 36) the vortex was warm and weak in the west, and cold and strong in the east years. Only at low activity in the 11-yr solar cycle did the difference between the west (cold) and the east (warm) years become statistically significant. At high solar activity the west years had a warm and the east years a cold polar vortex in the mean. We show this association with the 11-yr solar cycle also in terms of the geostrophic wind.     

战国秦汉时期长江中游地区气候状况研究

本文根据历史文献、考古材料和钻孔孢粉资料等,对战国秦汉时期长江中游地区的气候状况进行了初步的探讨。结果表明:战国初期,该地气候温暖湿润;战国中后期至西汉武帝后期,气温下降,气候温凉,极端寒冷事件不断出现;约从公元前100年始,气温明显回升,至公元初年前后,长江中游地区复为温暖湿润的气候环境;公元之初的新莽政权时期,气候经历了由暖而寒的历史转变,降温过程大致持续到东汉明帝时期;之后至东汉中后期,气候暖湿,尤其是冬季气温相对较高;东汉后期,气候再度出现了幅度不大的波动,标志着魏晋南北朝时期大降温的开始。此间气候虽屡有起伏,但总体而言,战国秦汉时期长江中游地区的气候仍以暖湿为主,气温略高于今,或与现今差别不大。在干湿状况方面,具有干湿相间的特点。     

Do body proportions among Jomon foragers from Hokkaido conform to ecogeographic expectations? evolutionary implications of body size and shape among northerly hunter‐gatherers

This study documents and interprets adaptive postcranial morphology among prehistoric Jomon period foragers from Hokkaido, Japan (HKJ). The Hokkaido climate is differentiated from other Japanese islands by freezing winters with sea‐ice accumulation in the northern regions. Increased brachial and crural indices are, however, observed among HKJ foragers, while body mass (BM) has not yet been estimated for these groups. Based on previous observations and paleoclimatic reconstructions, it was predicted that increased BM and increased distal relative to proximal limb lengths would typify HKJ foragers. Similar BM was observed between HKJ foragers and groups from colder environments. Intralimb indices do, however, suggest similarity between HKJ foragers and groups from high‐latitude, warm environments. It is likely that HKJ foragers retained cold‐derived BM in association with Pleistocene migrations to Hokkaido via Northeast Asia. That is, enlarged BM among HKJ foragers is associated with long‐term evolution in a colder environment. Relatively elongated distal limbs may represent morphological response to a slightly warmer environment. Following migration to Japan from a colder environment, elongation of distal limb segments resulted in elevated brachial and crural indices. Relatively elongated distal appendages may also reflect positive nutritional status as HKJ people experienced lesser rates of systemic stress than other Jomon groups. It is also possible that elongated distal relative to proximal limbs are associated with neutral mutation and genetic drift. This interpretation suggests a neutral mutation associated with relative limb length in some HKJ ancestor with subsequent spread of this allele through isolation and drift. Ontogenetic and temporal studies of intralimb indices among Jomon people are necessary to further evaluate these interpretations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

《燕行录》资料反映的16-19世纪东北南部地区冬半年气温变化

朝鲜古汉籍《燕行录》,是历史上朝鲜使臣出使中国的见闻记录,保留有很多历史气候资料,十分宝贵。本文收集了19种《燕行录》中记载的16-19世纪东北南部地区河流封冻情况,并利用中国其它文献为补充,使用现代河流封冻资料为对照,逐年考订了当时河流封冻与现代河流封冻的距平情况,并得出封冻期的50年平均距平值。由于冬半年气温变化是影响河流冰情的关键因素,河流封冻情况的变化可很好地反映该区域冬半年温度变化情况。分析发现,在1500-1900年间,存在3个较冷的时期,其中16世纪上半期是400年中最冷的时期;存在2个较暖的时期,分别为18世纪下半叶和19世纪下半叶。而和20世纪的温度变化衔接分析,则500年间区域气温基本是上升的趋势。同时和中国其它区域以及欧洲的小冰期温度变化序列比较,在大的趋势变化和波动方面有一致性,但在时间上并不完全一致。表明区域间气候变化的复杂性。     

Warm-Core and Coreless Winters

The author analyzes the literature and recent findings on so-called warm-core winters, in which one of the winter months is warmer than adjacent months. The observed structural characteristics in the annual march of temperature in polar regions are believed to be significant for long-range forecasts.     

Quaternary Organic Deposit from Newton Creek Valley,Western Tasmania

Pollen and macrofossils from an organic deposit probably 44 ka BP in age record subalpine heath with abundant local Athrotaxis cupressoides. This was succeeded by subalpine heath that included Casuarina, Phyllocladus and Eucalyptus. The pollen/vegetation assemblages are comparable with present subalpine vegetation located between 850–1050 m, though the site is at 550 m and potentially below the limit of temperate rainforest (620 m). It is inferred that the vegetation altered from upper to lower subalpine heath and that the climate became warmer and wetter. The mean temperature is estimated to have been at least 3.2°C to 1.7°C colder than today. The trend of vegetation and climate change compares closely with Late Glacial changes but does not compare with changes recorded from sites of Middle Last Glacial age in the West Coast Ranges. A radiocarbon date of 34 ka BP and a trend towards warming suggests that the deposit may represent the onset of an interstadial during the Early Last Glacial Stage.     

长江中游地区新石器时代自然环境变迁研究

长江中游地区彭头山文化时期为全新世大暖期初期的第一个适宜期。大溪文化开始时正处于大暖期的鼎盛时期 ,此时温热多雨。从大溪中期偏晚阶段开始 ,气候转冷 ,洪水位升高 ,江汉湖群扩张 ;到大溪文化晚期和屈家岭文化早期出现冷锋 ,并出现较高洪水位 ,云梦泽基本形成。屈家岭晚期至石家河文化早期气候重新变暖 ,降水增加 ,洪水位降低 ,湖群萎缩。从石家河文化中期偏晚开始 ,气候又开始恶化 ,气温下降 ,洪水频发 ,同时云梦泽再次扩张。新石器时代长江中游地区自然环境的变迁过程与其社会文化的发展轨迹之间存在着很强对应关系     

Decadal-scale sea ice changes in the Canadian Arctic and their impacts on humans during the past 4,000 years

Abstract

Climate warming of >1.5°C over three decades has diminished Arctic sea ice and forced drastic changes on Inuit people of the Canadian Arctic. Discontinuities in archaeological records also suggest that climatic changes may have caused site abandonment and life style shifts in Paleo- and Neo-eskimo societies. We therefore examine the decadal-scale palaeoclimatic changes recorded by quantitative palynological data in marine records from Coburg Polynya, near Palaeo- and Neo-eskimo settlements on the North Devon Lowlands, and from the North Water Polynya between Canada and Northwest Greenland. Palaeotransfer functions from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages provide quantitative estimates of changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice cover (SIC) with the accuracy of historical measurements.

Both sites record temperature variations of 2–4°C corresponding to changes in hunting modes and occupation-abandonment cycles on Devon and Ellesmere Islands. Our data show that from ～6500 to 2600 BP, there were large oscillations in summer SST from 2–4°C cooler than present to 6°C warmer and SIC ranged from 2 months more sea ice to 4 months more open water. The warmer interval corresponds to the period of pre-Dorset cultures that hunted muskox and caribou. Subsequent marine-based Dorset and Neo-eskimo cultures correspond to progressively cooler intervals with expanded sea ice cover. The warming took ～50–100 years and lasted ～300 years before replacement by colder intervals lasting ～200–500 years. These climate oscillations are more rapid than the archaeological cultural changes, but are of similar length to successive Palaeoeskimo occupations in the Nares Strait region.