近代中国手工业行会的演变

近代中国手工业行会的演变王翔在中国手工业生产发展过程中形成的行会制度,曾经对城市工商业的发展起到过积极作用。但是随着时间推移,它已经越来越成为工商业经济发展的桎梏。近代以后,手工业行会的演变,表现出了新的时代特征。笔者拟运用一些新的史料,探讨手工业行...     

中国行会史研究的回顾与展望

行会的产生、发展与演变从一个侧面反映了中国从传统社会向近代社会发展变迁的历史轨迹。早在 1 9世纪末叶 ,就有一些在华的外国人开始以田野调查的研究方式对中国行会进行考察。进入 2 0世纪以后 ,一部分中外学者开始着手对行会进行比较系统的研究 ,并取得了一批颇具参考价值的研究成果。 5 0— 60年代中国史学界探讨中国资本主义萌芽问题时 ,行会也是其中的一个重要讨论议题。 80年代以后 ,史学界开始关注和研究商会、同业公会等近代新式商人社团 ,这一时期的研究同样与行会相联系 ,并且更拓宽了行会研究的视野。相比而言 ,中国史学界对商…     

近代中国知识与制度转型学术研讨会述评

2004年12月15—18日,中山大学历史系、中山大学近代中国研究中心和《历史研究》编辑部在广州联合举行近代中国的知识与制度转型学术研讨会。50多位学者出席了会议,其中大多数为青年学者,近40位学者提交了论文。此次研讨会的举行与中山大学近代中国研究中心的“近代中国的知识与制度体系转型”研究计划密切相关。①在该项研究计划首期成果即将面世之际,举办者希望沟通学界、聚集同好,探讨具体的研究方法,共同致力于这一潜力巨大的研究领域。此次研讨会的召开,正是上述思路的具体延伸。中山大学桑兵在大会报告中对该计划的意义、内容、研究方…     

中国近代制度转型中的省制刍论

省制作为地方最高管理层级,元代以后在国家治理结构中已经具有不可移动、不能移动的层级功能,对于国家机器的正常运转和国家的统一,有着不可代替的重大管理作用。然而,近代以降,由于中国从社会到国家处于从传统到现代的巨大转型之中,省制作为国家最重要的地方层级制度,与近代中国的艰难转型一样,也经历了从传统体制到现代体制的曲折发展历程。在近代省制不断改易、变动的背后,反映的不仅是省制转型的困境,实关乎中央政权的稳定、社会的安宁与国家的统一,是那个历史时代的大问题。省制作为国家建制中的地方最高层级的制度,从制度现代化转型角度探讨省制的变易历程及其发展特点和趋势,对于进一步认识省制在近代中国历史演变中的重大价值及其丰富的历史内涵,认识中国国家现代化转型的艰难历程及其规律和特点,以明国家治道与得失之理,无疑具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。     

评《中国法律的传统与近代转型》

2005年6月法律出版社再版了中国政法大学教授、法律史学家张晋藩先生的中国法律史专著《中国法律的传统与近代转型》(第二版),该书是一部研究中国法律史的经文化交融的视角,阐述了中国近代法律的转型,为读者厘清了中国法律发展的历史脉络。作者将中国历史上的法律制度与文化以及历史人物的活动与重大事件交替呈现,分析并探讨了中国法律传统的独特规律及特征,具有鲜明的逻辑性与条理性,体现了强烈的回归历史场域的客观真实感与当前学人肩负的历史使命感。全书在总体上可分为两个组成部分,即“中国法律的传统”和“中国法律的近代转型”。在前…     

论英国行会的衰落

论英国行会的衰落赵文洪关于行会的衰落,传统研究的不足之处是缺乏对发生于行会体制内外的各种变化的系统综合分析。本文认为,英国行会的衰落是在经济规则作用下,行会及城市和国家制度调整、行会合并（质变）和萎缩（量变）、行会地位被其它工商业制度取代等事件的综合...     

清末民初广州的行会工会化

“工商合行”是广州传统行会组织结构的主要特色。然而,随着清末民初资本主义生产关系的发展,尤其“劳工神圣”西潮的浸润与激荡及革命政权扶助劳工政策的实施,使得“工商合行”的行会模式开始了以“工商分离”为主题特征的行会工会化的艰难蜕变。不过,这种由行会孕育出来的工会组织的肌体上不可避免地附着“工商合行”的深深烙印,这在一定程度上削弱并阻碍了国民革命时期中国共产党对广州工人的政治与阶级动员。从阶级斗争与“工商合行”两种理念交锋而导致行会工会化“曲折与艰辛”的事实中,可以窥视到传统行会近代转型“变”与“不变”的新旧交合的复杂面相。     

清代商人组织的概念分析——以18—19世纪重庆为例

"行会"这一西方近代学术概念对中国商人组织历史研究具有长期的影响.中国历史上的商人组织是中国社会与文化建构的产物,反映中国社会结构演变的特定过程.本文以重庆为中心,结合巴县档案等材料,分析了重庆历史上的"行"、"帮"、"会馆"、"公所"以及神会等不同组织概念的历史内涵,提倡在中国文化与社会环境基础上理解和解释中国商人组织的制度变迁问题.     

华侨与近代侨乡工业——以广东梅县为例

将田野调查与历史研究结合起来,以学界研究较薄弱的山区侨乡——梅县为研究区域,对华侨与近代侨乡工业发展的关系进行了分析。结果显示,华侨在率先投资近代工业中,注重引进西方先进的技术和西方近代企业制度及经营理念。在侨乡工业从传统向近代转型的过程中,华侨起了积极的推动作用。     

唯物史观与20世纪上半叶中国古代土地制度史研究

土地制度史是20世纪中国史学所提出的充满争议性的领域之一。本文以20世纪上半叶中国古代土地制度史研究的产生演变为线索,考察唯物史观基本理论和方法论与近代史学转型之关系。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.