A·T·马汉的思想对美国早期海军建设的影响

A·T·马汉是闻名世界的"海权之父",他提出的"海权论"主张美国向海外扩张,建设一支强大的的海军,对19世纪后期及20世纪初美国的海军建设有重大的影响。     

近代中国“海权”话语构建的源起

中文“海权”一词最初指的是“水师”这一国人熟知而不需特别关注的事物,所对应的是maritime power。1895年因在华西人的使用,“海权”一词进入维新知识分子的视野,并在维新报刊中多次使用。1899年,流亡日本的梁启超接触到马汉《海权论》的日译本,并将《海权论》的提出者及核心观点通过《清议报》明确介绍给国人,同时在“以马鸿之说规中国形势”时赋予“海权”以全新的主权内涵,“海权”从此成为晚清以降中国报刊的一大热词。     

海权论与清末海军建设理论

海权论与清末海军建设理论皮明勇甲午战争是对洋务运动时期中国海军建设成果的一次总检阅,北洋海军的覆灭,暴露了中国海军建设中的诸多问题,也显示了当时中国对海军的学术研究存在着明显局限性。甲午战争失败后,列强在中国掀起划分势力范围的狂潮,紧接又是八国联军侵...     

福建船政学子与南海海权收复

清同治五年（1866年）,福建船政成立。在创办过程中,福建船政共建造近代舰船40余艘,培养了许多优秀人才,为中国近代海军的建立奠定了基础,孙中山赞许船政“足为海军根基”。从福建船政走出的学子不但在抗击外来侵略中不怕牺牲、英勇奋战,而且在维护国家海权方面也责无旁贷地担当先锋。本文简述在清政府收复东沙岛、勘察西沙群岛这一捍卫国家海权过程中,船政学子所发挥的重要作用。     

佛教核心教义对中国民间信仰的影响

佛教传入中国已经历了整整两千年,已成为中国传统宗教的重要组成部分。佛教在不断适应中国土壤和环境中发展壮大自己的同时,对中国民间信仰产生了巨大的影响和冲击,而影响最大的莫过于佛教的教义。一种宗教,只有教义被大众广泛接受,改变了大众的思想甚至灵魂,才能广泛传播,影响一个地区甚至一个国家民众的信仰。佛教传人中土后,其教义中的普度众生与救世济民、轮回转世与天堂地狱、功德与功德转让等核心思想深深吸引了中国民众,对中国民众的信仰产生了强烈的影响,改变了中国民众的信仰内容、信仰方式和信仰手段,这也是佛教在中土广为传播并被接受的一个重要原因。     

大足石刻的思想背景

儒家和道家的思想有其根本的区别性,随着佛教传入中国、道教的宗教化以及儒家的神学化,三家的关系在鼎立的基础上开始了相互融合的历史。佛教在传入之初被认为是道教的一个支派从而被中国人接受的,然而由于道教与儒家的传统历史,所以佛教与政治的联姻是处于政治之外的。佛教发展的迅速促使儒家和道教的关系首先产生了微妙的变化,道教也开始从佛教中吸取诸如仪式的完整等方面的优点,士大夫也把佛教作为退隐的依托,同时佛教也开始运用中国化的语言和借用儒道两家的术语来宣传自己的教义。经过南北朝皇室的崇佛和灭佛运动,佛教在中国民众的生活中产生了广泛     

民国海军曾经有过的“四个第一”

正探寻历史陈迹本身并无宣扬之意,只是为了不被忘却。最近查找了一些民国海军时期的资料,感触颇多。伟大的中国民主革命先行者孙中山作为中国历史上第一个系统提出海洋战略的政治家,早在1919年在他的《战后太平洋问题》序中就指出:"争太平洋之海权,即争中国之门户权耳。""海权轻,则国权轻。"这些话语至今仍为立国之要。脱胎于清末海军的民国海军,诞生于辛亥革命时期。1911年12月,临时海军司令部在上海成立,民国海军正式建     

近代小说中中国女豪杰形象产生的原因

文学历来是民众的呼声,是文学家思想的结晶。近现代中国文学处在一个特殊的历史时期,社会的变革引发了人们思想意识的变化,在文学作品中,人们把自己的思想都在文学作品中充分地表露出来。晚清的改革潮流大大地影响着文学的思想内涵,同时,这一时期也是封闭已久的中国向世界打开一扇窗的时候,西方文化一时间流传到中国,深刻影响着当时我国的社会风气和人们的思想观念,尤其是女性的思想观念。清末民初,由于西方思想的影响,中国女性走出家门,走向社会的意识逐渐增强,对女性在社会生活中的角色定位有了新的观点,学习新思想、创造新事业、争做新女性等思想等开始萌芽和生长。     

甲午战争前后东亚海权与海防的较量及其影响

一场甲午战争,使东亚海权格局剧变,由此构成中日两国命运变化的历史拐点。战前,中日两国面对西方殖民扩张的相同遭遇,展开了近30年的海军现代化建设,并在互为敌手的竞争中日益凸显于以英国为主导的东亚海权格局之中。然而,不同的战略选择决定了不同的命运,甲午战争用血与火诠释了海权与海防的本质区别及其决定性影响。正因为战败后的中国已完全置身于东亚海权格局之外,再次陷入有海无防的境地,导致海权得以坐大的日本推行"大陆政策"更加有恃无恐,在列强瓜分中国的狂潮中走上独霸东亚之路。     

浅谈马克思主义在中国的早期传播——东西方文化的碰撞造就新的成果

马克思主义的早期传播,是马克思主义在中国得以生根发芽的关键阶段,马克思主义作为外来文化,从早期传入国内以及国内学者走出国门去学习的那些阶段,是当前必须研究的问题。中国有着厚重的历史文化,在这一文化之下我们何以去吸收外来文化,从而使有着两千多年统治思想的主体文化在这一时期被如此震荡,如果不加以深究,恐怕要产生许多误区。马克思主义能在中国扎根,能被知识分子接受,其中所包含的东西方文化的碰撞,这也是文章所要探讨的重要内容。     

福建海洋经济可持续发展研究

文章运用综合观点全面分析福建发展海洋经济的优势条件与制约因素,着重评价了海洋经济可持续发展的资源潜力;通过对发展现状的分析,揭示了福建海洋经济发展过程面临的海洋开发与产业结构层次较低、海洋资源开发利用不尽合理,海洋污染较严重,海洋科技发展与海洋综合管理相对滞后等问题;在此基础上,从可持续发展角度上提出了福建海洋经济发展对策,并探讨了海洋经济重点产业的发展思路。     

Boathouses in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic

The paper describes the status and further perspectives of boathouse research in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. The main questions asked are: what are the characteristics of such buildings in archaeological, social and functional terms, and which options are given to promote further research? The case of Norway, where there is a continuing tradition of storing boats in boathouses, plays a key role. The Norwegian experiences seem to be to some extent transferable to other areas in the Northern Europe and the North Atlantic. © 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

Gravestones and Monuments in the Maritime Cultural Landscape: Research Potential and Preliminary Interpretations

Thousands of memorials around the world commemorate maritime disasters and death. In addition to commemoration, memorials provide insight into the conceptual landscape of maritime peoples. Types of maritime memorials, locations where they can be found, and the limitations of memorials as archaeological artefacts are discussed. Data from 18th- and 19th-century English and American maritime memorials are used to make preliminary interpretations regarding Anglo-American maritime beliefs. Based on this I argue that memorials are a valuable source of data for maritime cultural landscape studies, particularly for what they reveal about maritime belief systems.
© 2006 The Author     

Hello Sailor! How maritime museums are addressing the experience of gay seafarers

Traditionally, maritime historians and maritime museums have adopted a very narrow view of seafarers’ lives and issues of social diversity have been little explored. Whilst some research has been undertaken on women and ethnic minorities in recent years, the experience of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered seafarers has received virtually no attention. This paper will consider how museums have begun to address this issue and will look in detail at the special exhibition, Hello Sailor!, organised by National Museums Liverpool in 2006. Hello Sailor! was based on ground-breaking research about gay seafarers on board British cruise liners in the mid-twentieth century, mainly gathered from oral testimony. The paper will examine the content, development and impact of the exhibition and will place it in a context of how maritime museums are beginning to address questions of social diversity and to make themselves accessible to a wider and more diverse audience. In particular, it explores the difficulties faced by curators, including the paucity of documentary sources and secondary literature, the limitations of existing museum networks and the almost total absence of objects and other visual material with which to tell the story.     

试析古希腊海事贷款高利率成因

海事贷款是古希腊海上贸易的主要“融资”形式之一。与其他形式的货币借贷相比,它的一个主要特征是利率高。公元前4世纪古希腊海事贷款的高利率主要受到了海事活动风险巨大、借贷双方身份特殊、资金供求关系紧张及海事贷款运作的特殊性等因素的影响。海事贷款古希腊海上贸易中起着“融资”和“保险”的双重作用。     

The evolution of maritime Chinese historiography in the United States: toward a transnational and interdisciplinary approach

ABSTRACT

Once considered a marginal side-story to the Fairbank-inspired narrative of an agrarian-centered, land-bound China, Chinese maritime history has received increasing attention in the United States as a research field in its own right. Through sustained engagement with trends in regional, comparative, military, and global histories, and dialogue with European and Asian academia, the efforts of several generations of scholars after Fairbank have slowly broken down his paradigm. Studies of maritime China are increasingly showing a broad, integrated maritime East Asian region comprising the seas and their littoral from the Sea of Japan to the Strait of Melaka. This article surveys the historiographical development of the field. It also highlights my work-in-progress on autonomous overseas Chinese polities along the Gulf of Siam littoral in mainland Southeast Asia during the eighteenth century as one possible future path for the study of maritime Chinese history.     

清代前期上海的航业船商

清代前期上海作为南北洋航运中心,既是南北商品流通格局变化下的产物,也是清廷商品流通政策变化下的产物,海运业在上海的早期兴起过程中具有无可替代的作用。上海的兴起并迅速崛起,是建立在全国各地地域商帮的大规模商品流通基础之上的。上海的海运业者,来自江苏、浙江、山东、福建等地,其中势力最大者,是上海及其邻近沿海地区崇明、南通三地之人,单个大船商,通常拥有数十号船只。上海海运业内部,船商与船户、耆舵、水手等航运业人员,船商与客商、与豆业字号,与豆行、饼行、油行、保载行等形成错综复杂的关系。在上海,船商不仅在航业中居于中心地位,而且发挥出领袖百业的作用。     

The Nautical Archaeology of Puerto Rico

The waters of Puerto Rico harbour the remains of thousands of years of human occupation. The island played a key role in the first decades of European exploration of the New World, and its coasts and estuaries have preserved an extensive record of the island's maritime history, before and after the arrival of the Europeans. The objective of this project is to study Puerto Rico's seafaring history through the investigation of its submerged cultural heritage, with a particular focus on the history of European shipbuilding. In 2008 the authors started with survey on the north coast.
© 2009 The Authors     

The Enigma of Tantura B: Historical Documentation and the Lack of Circumstantial Documentary Evidence

Tantura B is by far the first early Islamic shipwreck to be discovered off the Palestinian coast. Scientific evidence indicates that this vessel sank some time between the mid-8th and the mid-9th centuries. Neither archaeological remains nor historical sources can ascertain its exact function and origin due to the lack of circumstantial documentary evidence. However, it has been argued that the vessel could be either a coaster, capable of entering rivers or estuaries, or a support vessel operating in the Arab fleet, i.e. , it may have had been used for either military or civil purposes, or both.
© 2005 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

The Poor Man’s Goldmine?

This article analyses the career paths of Swedish and Finnish sailors from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. The article shows that, for the most of the men, the seaman’s occupation was just a passing phase before taking up a job on shore, but many of them also created a long-lasting and advancing career by going to sea. There was not necessarily, however, a clear distinction between job opportunities at sea and those on shore in those days: men worked both at sea and on shore. We therefore argue that an individual’s advancement in a maritime career was a context-specific socio-economic phenomenon. In Scandinavia, work on board ships was dependent on features that characterized the division of labour in a predominantly agricultural domestic economy on land and emerging industrialization during the turn of the century. Here we present an analysis of the career paths of almost 60,000 men recruited to serve on Swedish and Finnish merchant vessels from the 1840s to late 1940s.