美国史学对19、20世纪之交美国海外扩张的思考与认识

对 1 9、2 0世纪之交美国海外扩张的研究是整个美国外交史学的极为重要的部分 ,在一定意义上 ,这一研究折射出美国外交史学陷入困境的症结与原因 ,同时也映现着美国外交史学发展的出路和方向。美国外交史学在以下两个问题上无法解释美国海外扩张的合理性 :其一 ,海外扩张是否违背了局限于大陆拓进的孤立主义外交传统 ;其二 ,海外帝国的追求是否有悖于美国人视为立国之本的民主理想。自 2 0世纪初美国外交史学产生以来 ,无论是理想主义史学的“背离说” ,还是现实主义史学的“国家利益说” ,都不能说明海外扩张的历史逻辑性。修正派史学虽然揭示了美国扩张外交的本质 ,但由于其“由内到外”的研究体系的局限 ,最后难免落入孤立主义的陷阱。本文着重介绍了“后修正史学”的“综合研究”和“国际研究”的研究方法 ,指出不同民族的观念、情感的平等沟通和交流才能代表着美国外交史学的发展方向。     

A Basque Shipyard Design Method of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries,and its Relationship to Non‐graphic Hull Design of the 15th Century

The aim of the article is to show that the Mutiozabal shipyard in Orio, Gipuzkoa, Spain, was using the tools and procedures of non‐graphic hull‐design methods into the latter 19th and early 20th centuries. These procedures allow a hull to be designed with a very simple set of tools: a template of the master‐frame and some simple graduated gauges or graminhos. The plan of a 65‐Burgos‐foot ¹ (18.11 m) trading boat is used as the basis of the study. The nature of the templates and graminhos is shown in detail, as well as their use.     

Educating the Workers of Sheffield in the 18th and 19th Centuries: St Luke's National School,Garden Street,Sheffield

This article describes the archaeological recording of a Sunday school which was constructed in 1873, on the site of an earlier building, to provide educational needs for the working-class families which surrounded Garden Street. A brief historical background to the provision of education both nationally and in Sheffield is provided, along with the results of the recording of the standing building, and reference to below-ground remains of the residential accommodation which surrounded it is given. The recording concluded that the original form of the school was intact, with little in the way of modifications, apart from the addition of 20th-century industrial structures and an air raid shelter. The site provides a valuable insight into educational provision in one of the poorer areas of 19th-century Sheffield.     

东爪哇韩氏家族：企业精神与政治舞台（18—19世纪）

本文通过对韩氏家族两个支派的华文和马来文族谱和相关地方文史资料的研究,分析阐述了18世纪中叶到18世纪末爪哇韩氏家族的人物关系、社会结构、融合情况及其在当地经济中的作用,旨在更好地了解东南亚华人移民家族的融合与文化适应模式。     

18-20世纪人体测量史:理论、研究方法、史料以及最初的结果

男性身高的变化能够反映出俄国人口福利状况的变化。1700—1980年,俄国男性士兵身高资料及与之相应的生活状况和福利评估大体分为9个阶段,人的生活状况提高、降低和稳定阶段分别为150、100和30年,280年间男女的身高分别增加了10—11厘米。每逢战争和激烈改革时期,赋税增加和连年歉收,人口的身高、生活状况和福利无不下降;而每逢战争过后,政策得当,社会稳定,风调雨顺之时,人口的身高、生活状况和福利均提高。总之,18世纪俄国民众的整体生活水平下降,而19—20世纪俄国,特别是1921—1980年苏联时期的人口福利提高。这些结论察前人所未察,发他人所未发。