知识人的社会呈现及其意义——关于江南民间社会中南社的考察

以近代思想观念的生产和扩散为职志的南社,与民间社会的近代变迁存在着怎样的关联? 需要我们重新思考。从历史—社会学的视角考察,南社世界以两种方式加以呈现:内向呈现,指向南社自身,局限于团体私域,着力展现的是南社人的生活世界;外向呈现,指向南社圈外的民间社会,由此伸延至作为社团存在环境的公共领域,着力展现的是他们的观念世界。南社世界不同的呈现方式对于民间社会的近代变迁有着完全不同的意义。     

观念与社会:女子小脚的美丑与近代中国的两个世界

近代中国缠足与反缠足两种观念曾长期竞争,至少到２０世纪３０年代,小脚美的观念在民间仍广泛存在,而天足女性及其家庭则往往受到社会的歧视。这样的观念有力地影响到女性在婚姻方面的选择能力和选择范围,由于近代社会变动导致从价值取向到生存竞争方式都有较大的差异的“两个世界”的存在,多数有能受教育的女性很难享受与“新世界”相伴随的社会待遇,缠足实际成为保障她们婚姻成功的一个基本条件;这样的社会因素又以过来强化     

辛亥革命前后社会观念之变迁

近代中国社会的变迁、转型是近代中国社会观念急剧变化的历史基点,是以辛亥革命为其中介点的。它前承晚清社会变革以来社会观念推陈出新的历史成果,后启民国成立以降社会观念步入现代化轨道的历史新程。     

辛亥革命前后社会观念之变迁

近代中国社会的变迁、转型是近代中国社会观念急剧变化的历史基点,是以辛亥革命为其中介点的。它前承晚清社会变革以来社会观念推陈出新的历史成果,后启民国成立以降社会观念步入现代化轨道的历史新程。     

观念与社会∶女子小脚的美丑与近代中国的两个世界

近代中国缠足与反缠足两种观念曾长期竞争 ,至少到 2 0世纪 30年代 ,小脚美的观念在民间仍广泛存在 ,而天足女性及其家庭则往往受到社会的歧视。这样的观念有力地影响到女性在婚姻方面的选择能力和选择范围 ,由于近代社会变动导致从价值取向到生存竞争方式都有较大的差异的“两个世界”的存在 ,多数不能受教育的女性很难享受与“新世界”相伴随的社会待遇 ,缠足实际成为保障她们婚姻成功的一个基本条件 ;这样的社会因素又反过来强化了这一“世界”小脚美的观念 ,故小脚美丑的观念竞争实与生活习俗的转变伴随进行 ,主张天足美的趋新士人观念直到整体的新旧势易才最后占了上风。     

从“杨月楼案”看晚清社会伦理观念的变动

1873年上海租界发生了一起良贱为婚案件,此案引起民间人士在《申报》上展开了一场争论。这一争论反映出当时人们在社会生活方式的变动中,关于良贱等级身份观念、乡党关系与宗族观念以及法律公正观念的变化,揭示了社会平等观念、家庭独立观念及依律执法观念等近代趋向的社会伦理观念的演生轨迹。生活方式的变动是这些观念演生的社会基础,非正统的民间伦理是其内在源流,而把西方作为富强榜样,则使这种观念变动与学习西方的近代社会变革相联系,反映了与西方近代社会伦理观念相汇合的趋向．     

以上海为例看晚清时期社会生活方式及观念的变迁

晚清时期,上海的商业化、城市化生活环境变化,引起了人们生活方式的变动,出现了如洋货流行、从商之风、尊卑失序、女子走上社会、追求享乐等新社会风尚,导致传统伦理衰坏,同时也孕育产生了近代市场意识、近代工商观念、社会平等观念、功利主义及肯定人欲、自由的近代伦理观念。反映出生活方式的变动是引起近代生活伦理观念变迁的中介和启动力量。     

30年来的中国近代思想文化史研究

30年来的中国近代思想史研究,依据研究重心的变化可以分为三个阶段:一是1978年到80年代末,研究重点集中于思想家个案及政治思想史方面;二是80年代末到90年代末,研究重心逐渐转变为以社会思潮史及思想家个案为主;三是90年代末以来,研究重心集中于社会思潮史和学术思想史领域.正是在研究重心的逐渐转移过程之中,近代思想史研究的广度不断拓宽,研究深度亦渐次深化.改革开放之后中国学术界最引人注目的现象之一,是中国文化史研究的复兴;90年代以后中国文化史发展的新趋势,是社会文化史研究的勃然兴起.长期无人问津或受人冷落的研究领域,如近代科技文化、民间宗教、民间意识与观念、文化心态、公共空间领域、新词语与观念变迁等,受到学术界的广泛关注并出现了许多研究成果.近代社会文化史正在成为史学新观念和新方法的一个重要生长点.     

近代中国文物观念变迁史研究述评

近年学术界有关近代中国文物观念变迁史研究的成果,主要有近代中国文物观念变革研究、近代文物价值认知变化研究和近代"文物"概念异同比较研究等。只是这类研究多限定于单一学科,多停留在对概念本身含义的阐释上,未能关注近代中国文物观念变迁历史的丰富性和复杂性。因此,应以近代中国文物观念变迁史为整体考察对象,重新研究近代中国文物观念变迁史,重点关注中国"文物"概念的学术考证、欧美近代古物观念的形成及在中国的传播与影响、近代中国文物观念变迁的时代语境研究、近代中国典型文物观念的比较研究等方面,重新呈现文物作为物质的文物和作为文化符号的文物在观念上的多重面相,以使近代中国文物变迁史的研究更加丰满。     

钱会与近代徽州社会

近代徽州存在着多种类型的钱会组织。悠久的钱会历史、发达的会社形态、以及民间庞大的资金存量和旺盛的资金需求,是徽州各种类型钱会存在的基础。钱会深深扎根于徽州民间社会,成为人们经济生活的一部分。钱会在近代徽州的宗族和商业社会中发挥着融资与救助的双重功能,有利于基层社会的稳定和民间工商业的发展。     

"泛神论"之与泰戈尔和郭沫若

“泛神论”本是指流行于16—18世纪欧洲资产阶级革命时期的一种哲学学说。泰戈尔和郭沫若,都受西方文化的影响,因为各自不同的民族环境,对泛神论的取向向度有着很大的不同,郭沫若早期文学思想尽管深受泰戈尔的影响,但“泛神论”在泰戈尔来说是他的宇宙观,而在郭沫若则是一种哲学观。     

作为运动与作为学术的民间文学

一本文所谓的“民间文学”,是与“作家文学”相对的概念。当一个具体的文学文本被视为一个或多个人的“个人”创作,该“个人”对该文本具有自始至终的“著作权”时,该作品就被称作“作家文学”,哪怕该作家只是“佚名”或“无名氏”;     

Why peace can be as difficult as war

The book under review fills an important gap in examining American foreign policy during the years between the fall of the Berlin Wall and the events of September 11, 2001. It documents American reactions to the events during and after 1989 and explains some of the difficult foreign policy choices facing the US during the 1990s. It also describes how the mid-1990s came to be seen by some as 'an age of anxiety'. The book largely focuses on the thinking of the foreign policy elites and, in the opinion of this reviewer, might have said more about American domestic politics at this time. The rise of the conservative movement, the belief in the unfettered free market, and the seemingly unconditional support for Israel were largely rooted in domestic politics but had important foreign policy implications. One paradox, so this reviewer argues, was the way in which some in the West—the Cold War victors—seemed disorientated or even demoralized by their own victory. One underlying problem, implicit in this book, is that of achieving cohesion in the absence of a common enemy. For that reason peace can sometimes be as difficult as war.     

Contraception. Not as safe as you think

The condom has generally been accepted as protective both against unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. New evidence based on a study of 4000 women found that diaphragms were the most effective against gonorrhea and chlamydia having 65% and 72% less risk respectively. The contraceptive sponge lowered risk by 13% for chlamydia and 65% for gonorrhea. Condoms lowered risk only 3$ for chlamydia and 34% for gonorrhea. These findings were suggested by researchers to be due possibly to women's more consistent and efficient use of diaphragms and sponges, rather than the devices themselves. Another study of IUD use by WHO among 20,000 women on 5 continents showed that the risk of pelvic inflammation was higher in younger women and incidence of inflammation was greater during the first 20 days after IUD insertion. Incidence of inflammation decreased after the 20-day initial period of insertion. Of the 4000 users in the study from China, there were no reported cases of pelvic disease attributed to the IUD. Chinese women use 70% of the 84 million IUDs used worldwide. Prior reports from the 1970s and 1980s had identified the IUD as having an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.     

Replication as Religious Practice,Temporality as Religious Problem

This article explores how religious communities actualize the virtual problem of temporality. Analysing two case studies from contemporary America, Mormon Trek re-enactment and a creationist theme park re-creating Noah’s ark, I argue that replication is a strategy for constructing a relationship with time in which a strict past–present divide is collapsed through affective means. This work contributes to comparative studies in the anthropology of religion and temporalizing the past.     

西藏次仁切阿雪山博物馆

藏文化中“自然与人”的关系密不可分是藏民族文化精髓的重要组成部分。“次仁切阿”就源自喜马拉雅山脉的什么传说。几千年来,在藏族先民与青藏高原的和谐相处中,形成了特有的生活方式和民族文化。藏文化中“自然与人”的关系密不可分,是藏民族文化精髓的重要组成部分。“次仁切阿”就源自喜马拉雅山脉的神秘传说。     

Critique as delight,theory as praxis,mucking in

In this commentary, I call for a regenerative approach to critique, a ‘good judgment’ through which academics might nurture the capacity to name and undermine racist, patriarchal, colonising, and homophobic practices, while working relationally to create new worlds. Drawing from Eva Sedgwick's critique of ‘paranoid theory’ and taking inspiration from post‐colonial, feminist, and anti‐racist social movements and research collectives, I consider what it might mean to be an academic who ‘mucks in’, who is not afraid of putting her hands in the dung, and who moves reflexively towards, rather than away from, difficult questions and risky engagements.     

Anthropology as jester

Disciplines from sociology to economics have claimed to be the queen of the social sciences. Lévi‐Strauss asserted the same for anthropology. Instead of competing for a royal position, we might better describe ourselves as the court jester who mocks and mimics accepted behaviour.