民国时期新疆汉族移民探析

民国时期迁入新疆的汉族移民约30万人,主要分布在北疆地区;就移民类型而言,主要有屯田和经商形式的经济型移民、党派成员和由于主政者偏好形成的政治型移民以及军事型移民三大类型.民国时期的新疆汉族移民呈现出与以往历代移民不同的特点,对于加速新疆社会发展、促进汉族移民与当地少数民族文化的融合及新疆多元文化的构建、改变新疆人口的分布态势、巩固边疆稳定均起了重要作用.     

清末民初新疆汉族移民民间信仰研究综述

清末民初,新疆汉族移民的民间信仰源始于清朝定鼎西域。清朝乾隆时期新疆地区重新统一,随着清政府解禁政策的出台和出于政治统治的需要,大量的汉族以封疆官吏、驻屯士兵、农民商客和流犯遣员的身份涌入新疆,再次出现西向移民的高潮。伴随着内地大量的汉族移民涌入新疆,他们在参与新疆经济建设的同时把自身的多元信仰也带到了新疆,并在新疆独特的人文地理环境中不断吸收和融合当地少数民族的风俗习惯和信仰,逐渐形成了极具特色的汉族移民生活习俗和信仰。     

明代云南汉族移民定居区的分布与拓展

云南汉族分布区发展最快的时期是明代。明代80余万汉族军事移民大规模进入云南,深入传统的当地民族世居区或边疆地区,建立卫所,定居屯田,促使云南涌现出大量的汉族移民新区,形成相对稳定和独立的汉族社会和汉夷杂居的发展趋势,基本奠定了明清以后直到今天云南各民族分布格局和民族交融的基础,成为明清以来云南边疆开发和社会变迁的重要推动力。     

加拿大二线城市华人新移民经济融合研究——“三重玻璃效应”与移民向下层社会流动

论文对加拿大二线城市卡尔加里和爱德蒙顿华人新移民的主要特点、移民动机和融合过程中的主要障碍进行了分析,探讨了新移民在加拿大向下层社会流动的问题。研究显示,新移民在经济融合过程中遭遇多方面的障碍,尤其在就业和语言方面。他们在移民加拿大之后,经历了去技能化和以前的学历和工作经验贬值,促使他们向下层社会流动,而这种状况反过来又阻碍了他们的融合进程。华人新移民的负面经历可以归因于由玻璃大门、玻璃房门和玻璃天花板构成的"三重玻璃效应"。加拿大政府应采纳融合框架政策,除承认移民的流动自由外,还要保证他们能享有与其他加拿大人一样同等的公民权益。     

西南边疆汉族的形成与历朝治边

西南边疆汉族的形成经历了复杂的过程。元代以前,迁入西南边疆的移民逐渐被原有民族融合,并形成新的本地民族。元代后外来移民大量进入,融合原有民族人口形成西南边疆汉族群体,其作用和地位明显增强。对于西南边疆的外来移民和西南边疆汉族及其演变发展的情形,历朝都十分重视并有程度不同的认识,并以此为制定治策的重要依据。     

矿业移民与西南地区社会变迁的个案分析--以广西合山煤矿开发及移民为例

近代以来。西南地区的矿业开发吸引了大量来自全国各地的移民,这种矿业移民促进了西南地区社会的全面发展。位于广西中部地区的合山市是一个新兴的能源工业城市,也是桂中汉族人口比例较高的地区。由于独特的经济开发进程,舍山汉族的移民高潮与合山煤矿的开发基本同步,汉族移民主要来自本自治区东南部各县,形成了以合山矿务局为中心的汉族人口聚居区。移民与当地壮族和其他早期汉族移民之间的整合在经济、文化层面体现出不同的特点。这种独特性体现了近代以来西南地区社会发展的特殊轨迹。     

从台湾行政地名看闽台地缘——闽台移民形成的“冠籍地名”和“冠姓地名”

郑成功收复台湾以后,大批闽南民众迁居台湾．清朝统一台湾后．为了消除台湾民众的反清思想．安定社会秩序,把因反抗清朝而迁往台湾的明郑政权上层人物及军队士兵等汉族移民回迁．使台湾的汉族人口减少近半。康熙二十三年（1684年）,清朝在行政建制上把台湾作为府．隶属福建省。     

台湾光复后日本移民的遣返及征用

1945年台湾光复后,30多万日本移民滞留岛内。为维持台湾社会的稳定与经济的发展,台湾省行政长官公署在遣返日本移民的过程中,设法征用了一批日籍技术人员。这引起广大台胞的强烈不满,要求陈仪应尽量录用本省籍人才。“二二八事变”爆发后,陈仪及魏道明加速了对日籍技术人员的遣返。客观上日本移民对台湾经济的发展起到过推动作用,台湾光复后日籍技术人员的留用使得台湾经济避免了灾难性的打击。     

"华人移民社群的移民身份与少数民族"研讨会综述

澳大利亚国立大学的南方华人移民社群研究中心于 2 0 0 1年 9月 2 6日— 2 8日在该校举行了主题为“华人移民社群的移民身份与少数民族” (ＭｉｇｒａｔｉｎｇＩｄｅｎｔｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄＥｔｈｎｉｃＭｉｎｏｒｉｔｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＤｉａｓｐｏｒａ)的小型国际研讨会。来自澳大利亚、中国、英国、美国、西班牙、日本和台湾等国家和地区的学者共提交了 2 3篇论文。在开幕式上 ,来自厦门大学的李明欢教授作了题为“神话的创造与创造的神话 :挑战‘移民社群’提法”的主题发言。她在发言中对“华人移民社群” (Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｄｉａ…     

中国历代移民大势及其对汉语方言地理的影晌

本文通过分析中国历史上汉民族迁徙的大势及其与方言发展演化的关系,论述了历代移民及其对汉语方言地理的影响。首先,从先周时代到西晋末年几次重要的南向移民行动产生了南方各方言的最初渊源;其次,西晋末年以后由北面的三次汉族人民迁移决定了汉语方言地理的基本格局;第三,元代以后的东西向移民以及清代以来对东北和台湾的移民对汉语方言地理作了重要的补充。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.