“华光礁一号”南宋沉船船板中硫铁化合物分析

鉴于硫铁化合物对海洋出水木质文物的特殊危害,通过 X射线衍射(XRD)、等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)和 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段,对“华光礁一号”南宋沉船船板残块中的硫铁化合物进行了分析研究。结果表明,所采集的样品中含有大量的 Fe和 S元素,并且其分布深度至少可达 4cm。两种元素的化学状态基本可分为铁的氧化物、硫铁化合物、硫酸盐和其它还原性硫四大类。其中,硫铁化合物主要以 FeS和 FeS₂形式存在,并已部分氧化成硫酸盐。因此,在后续的保护处理过程需着重对其酸化过程进行控制,以有利于文物的长期保存。     

宁波“小白礁I号”清代木质沉船中硫铁化合物脱除技术研究

近年来的分析与研究表明,海洋出水沉船的木材中普遍存在大量的以Fe S2和Fe S为代表的硫铁化合物难溶盐,它们在空气中和一定湿度条件下,会氧化生成硫酸,使木材纤维素发生快速降解,从而对木船造成毁灭性的破坏。目前,硫铁化合物的脱除仍然是世界性难题,很多国家发现的木质沉船都面临这方面的困扰。为此,本研究以宁波象山"小白礁I号"清代沉船遗址出水的船体木材构件为研究对象,研发了金属络合剂与氧化剂复配材料EDTAHO,开展了海洋出水木材中沉积的二硫化亚铁的去除技术初步研究,取得了良好的保护效果。本研究结果可为后续脱水定型和加固修复打下良好的基础,有利于海洋出水木质船体的长期保存。     

饱水古木材难溶盐分析

为研究饱水古木材中难溶盐的成分和分布,基于电感耦合等离子体光谱、X射线衍射以及显微共聚焦激光拉曼等分析手段对出土出水饱水古木材表面和纵向横向不同取样深度的元素含量和分布、表面凝结物以及纵向横向切面颗粒物的物相进行了分析。分析结果表明饱水古木材含有大量的Fe、S和Ca元素,包含这三种元素的凝结物主要由难溶盐和不溶物组成。难溶盐主要分为两大类,一类为钙盐(包括硫酸盐、碳酸盐和磷酸盐等),一类为硫铁化合物(包括硫铁矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿等);不溶物包括各类铁氧化物(如针铁矿、纤铁矿、赤铁矿和水合氧化铁)以及硫单质等。难溶盐分析结果有助于有针对性地对饱水古木材难溶盐尤其是对古木材危害比较大难溶盐进行预防控制和有效脱除。     

A cross-staff from the wreck of the Kronan (1676)

The article deals with a cross-staff discovered inside a wooden chest on the wreck site of the man-of-war Kronan (1676), located off the east coast of the island of Öland in the Baltic Sea. It is dated 166[1], and besides now being the earliest known complete cross-staff, it is in several respects unique. A theory that the cross-staff from Kronan , due to its rough graduation and somewhat antiquated design, was used mainly for symbolic reasons, widens the fields of research and interpretation of the material culture.     

Review: Rusticle Formation on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">RMS Titanic</Emphasis> and the Potential Influence of Oceanography

Meter length iron-rich rusticles on the RMS Titanic contain bacteria that reportedly mobilize iron from the ship structure at a rate that will reduce the wreck to rust in decades. Other sunken ships, such as the World War II shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) are also similarly covered. However, at the GOM sites, rusticles are only centimeters in length. Minimal differences in water temperature (a few °C) between the two sites and comparable exposure times from wreckage to discovery cannot rationalize the extreme differences in rusticle length. One possible explanation for the observed difference in rusticle size is the differing amounts of dissolved or colloidal iron at the two locations.     

Reviews

The cog of Bremen, SIEGFRIED FLIEDNER & ROSEMARIE POHL-WEBER
Archaeological research in the Zuider Zee G. D. VAN DER HEIDE
King Henry VIII's Mary Rose, ALEXANDER MCKEE
Francis Drake, Privateer, Contemporary Narratives and Documents
Cornish shipwrecks. Vol. 1: The south coast RKHARD LARN & CLIVE CARTER
Cornish shipwrecks. Vol. 2: The north coast, CLIVE CARTER
Cornish shipwrecks. Vol. 3: The Isles of Scilly, RICHARD LARN
Shipwrecks of North Wales, IVOR WYNNE-JONES
Australian shipwrecks, Vol. 1 : 1622-1850 CHARLES BATESON
The wreck of the Elizabeth, GRAEME HENDERSON
East coast sail: working sail 1850-1970, ROBERT SIMPER
South eastern sail: from the Medway to the Solent 1840-1940, MICHAEL BOUQIJET
Clinker boatbuilding, JOHN LEATHER
Sloops and brigs, JAMES HENDERSON
American figureheads and their carvers, PAULINE A. PINCKNEY
A history of the whale fisheries, J. T. JENKINS
II livello antico del Mar Tirreno, G. SCHMIEDT
Man across the sea, Problems of pre-Columbian contacts
Diving Science International. Proceedings of the Third Symposium of the Scientific Committee of CMAS, 8-9 October, 1973 N. C . FLEMMINC (Ed.)
First aid for finds: A practical guide for archaeologists DAVID LEIGH rt af.
Underwater archaeology : A nascent discipline, Museum and Monuments 13     

Process-based models for port evolution and wreck site formation at Mombasa,Kenya

Mombasa Island, settled for almost 2000 years, played a central role in the development of the central seaboard of East Africa, emerging by the 16th century as a centre of sustained port dominance. Marine geoarchaeological surveys were conducted in Mombasa Harbour in 2001 (i) to quantify the nature and extent of the submerged archaeological resource, (ii) to investigate site formation and preservation potential of historic shipwrecks, and (iii) to explore the natural evolution of the Old Port and adjacent basins in the context of hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes. Backscatter and single-beam echo-sounder data were acquired, interpreted and diver-truthed using surface-demand and SCUBA systems. It is proposed that sustained scour processes, resultant from the interaction of ebb and flood tidal currents with bedrock ridges, control the bathymetric evolution of Mombasa Harbour, negating requirement for mechanical dredging. The submerged archaeological resource in the area comprises fish traps and shipwrecks. Physical processes govern shipwreck site formation, with scour and bed-migration dominant, ultimately leading to structural instability and site degradation. The wreck of Santo António de Tanná (1697) has been subject to gravitational collapse and mass down-slope movement of material, concentrating wreck structure and material along the portside stern third of the vessel.     

The Mechanism and Kinetics of In Situ Conservation of Iron Cannon on Shipwreck Sites

Analysis of the pre‐disturbance values of the in situ corrosion parameters on historic iron shipwrecks and artefacts has established that the arithmetic product of the pH and corrosion potential is dependent on the burial environment and provides a unique insight into the objects' state of decay. The value of the product changes during in situ conservation treatment with sacrificial anodes, and reaches a minimum at which point the treatment is completed. Treatment times vary with water‐depth, being faster on shallower sites and shorter for more extensively corroded artefacts. The model was developed using data from the Duart Point wreck (1653), the Monitor‐styled warship HMVS Cerberus (1926) and a series of wrecks in Australia and the USA.     

Assessing the Impact of Typhoons on Historic Iron Shipwrecks in Chuuk Lagoon Through Changes in the Corrosion Microenvironment

The corrosion microenvironment of a dozen Second World War iron shipwrecks in Chuuk Lagoon, Federated States of Micronesia, was investigated to see if there were any measurable changes caused by a recent major typhoon. Seven previously inspected wreck sites were used for calibration to assess the environmental impacts. Five new wrecks, including the Fumitzuki, a destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy, were assessed at up to twice the depth of previous studies. The new data showed that the logarithm of the corrosion rate falls linearly with depth to 36 m. Measurements of corrosion potentials, concretion thickness and pH showed that many of the vessels suffered partial deconcretion during the typhoon Maysak in April 2015 with concomitant increases in the rate of decay. Regrowth of the colonising marine organisms are presently ameliorating the impact of the typhoon.     

Site Charting and Environmental Studies of the Monitor Wreck

Abstract

Marine geological and geophysical techniques have been applied to studies of the Monitor wreck to chart the fragments of the wreck and to determine the corrosion state of the remaining iron and the state of the geological and oceanographic environment in the immediate area of the wreck. Methods included magnetic surveying of the wreck site, computer calculations of the magnetization of the Monitor iron, and comparisons with magnetic measurements on iron artifacts from the wreck. Piston coring of the strata immediately beneath the wreck and near-bottom current measurements revealed evidence on the sedimentation rates and sediment transport at the site; these data confirmed interpretations made from high-resolution subbottom reflection profiles across the site.     

Maritime and Shipwreck Archaeology in the Western Indian Ocean and Southern Red Sea: An Overview of Past and Current Research

This paper provides an overview of previous archaeological research on shipwrecks and the maritime archaeology of the Western Indian Ocean and southern Red Sea. It highlights the early pioneering research on the Santo António de Tanná, wreck off Mombasa Island, before discussing more recent discoveries, surveys and excavations. Attention is drawn to the important distinction between ??shipwreck?? and ??maritime?? archaeology, and the need to develop integrated programmes aimed at investigating the diversity of the maritime heritage of these two regions. Particular attention is also drawn to the increased activity of treasure hunters and other threats to the underwater heritage of these regions, the need to sustain ongoing training and capacity building in maritime archaeology and for strengthening existing legislation.     

Cargoes of Iron Semi‐Products Recovered from Shipwrecks off the Carmel Coast,Israel

Underwater surveys along the Israeli Carmel coast have revealed six cargoes of iron semi‐products associated with shipwrecks. They are described and dated according to the associated artefacts. Metallographic and chemical analyses on samples from the biggest cargo have determined the stages of the chaîne opératoire, identified the properties of the iron and characterized the iron trade along the Israeli coast. The new discoveries contribute to our understanding of the circulation of iron in the South Levant, which was characterized by an almost complete absence of local iron production. During the Byzantine and Crusader periods, this absence was compensated by long‐distance sea trade, depending on political circumstances and restrictions. Three main types of iron semi‐products were identified: (a) partly consolidated blooms, (b) short pointed bars and (c) elongated pointed bars. The cargoes discovered represent a time period of nearly a millennium. Altogether, 148 iron semi‐products were studied. Of these, 166 were from cargo a, which was dated by coins to around 1130–1200 ce . Those coins could have been imported from Europe for Crusader military and civil uses in the Levant. The iron from cargoes b, d and f, dated perhaps to the Byzantine period, could have been imported from Anatolia or Venice for military and civil purposes.     

THE CHARACTERIZATION OF WATERLOGGED ARCHAEOLOGICAL WOOD: THE THREE ROMAN SHIPS FOUND IN NAPLES (ITALY)*

Three apparently well‐preserved shipwrecks dating back to Roman times were brought to light near Piazza Municipio in Naples (Italy), during the excavation for the construction of Line 1 of the subway. The shipwrecks were covered by marine sand and silt, below the water table. In order to establish the nature and the extent of wood degradation and, therefore, determine how best to preserve the shipwrecks, a diagnostic investigation was carried out. The study involved the identification of wood species, chemical characterization of the residue component and physical and micro‐morphological characterization.     

Maritime Cultural Landscape: A New Approach to the Cascais Coastline

Portuguese Archaeology only recently began to address the concept of maritime cultural landscape. In this article we intend to analyze the impact that this kind of approach has upon the study of a littoral characterized by a cliffed coast and a seafloor that is morphologically complicated by the estuary influences of the Atlantic Ocean and the Tagus River. The coast of Cascais, located near Lisbon, is the space that we wish to address with this epistemological paradigm. A large spectrum of sites composed of fortresses, lighthouses, harbors, anchorages, and shipwrecks permits a longue durée examination. The relationships and networks between humans and archaeological remains, directly and indirectly linked to the nautical past, are observed diachronically with a focus on the early Modern Period.     

Iconic Arctic Shipwrecks,Archaeology, and Museum Narratives

This article reflects on three Arctic shipwrecks currently being reclaimed for future exhibition. Two are icons of polar exploration. Maud was built for Roald Amundsen's North Pole expedition (1917–1925) and Belgica was used in the first Antarctic overwintering expedition (1897–1899). The salvage of Maud in Canada and the ship's return to Norway in 2018 was privately financed. Raising Belgica has been the goal of a Belgian non‐profit organization. The third is a medieval Norwegian wreck excavated in 2017 with community funding. The role of each ship as icon and archaeological heritage is assessed and framed within a broader discussion of museum narratives.     

The Armoured Cruiser HMS Defence: a case‐study in assessing the Royal Navy shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland (1916) as an archaeological resource

This paper presents the findings from a survey of one of the shipwrecks of the Battle of Jutland, and is extracted from a longer currently unpublished report which examines the six known Royal Navy wrecks. While all of the wrecks yielded unique insights into the battle, Defence was a particularly surprising case. The extant remains of this wreck showed for the first time how the ship was destroyed and explains what some eyewitnesses reported at the time. Intact and unsalvaged, it is a source of much valuable archaeological and historical data. © 2012 The Author     

South American Palm Seeds (Orbignya sp.) in Dutch Shipwrecks

Abstract

In this note we report the discovery of some palm seeds (Orbignya sp.) from three shipwrecks in the Netherlands. They all date from the second half of the 17th century. Some palm seeds, published as Attalea funifera, were already known from the Dutch coast.     

Wrap a Wreck! In Situ Conservation of a Ship on Land Suffering from Fungal Decay

Many sixteenth- to eighteenth-century shipwrecks have been found after land reclamation in parts of the former Zuiderzee, one of the busiest waterways in Dutch history. After the land fell dry, some shipwrecks were excavated, destroyed, reburied, or covered with sand or clay. In the late 1970s a method was developed to mitigate degradation processes of some of the wrecks remaining in good condition by wrapping them in plastic foil. The idea was that the plastic would prevent evaporation and lateral subsurface flow. Wet conditions prevent decomposing of wood by especially soft rot fungi. Oxygen will be rapidly depleted by decomposition of organic matter.

Recent monitoring of wrapped shipwrecks has shown that this method of preventing rot worked exceptionally well. We adapted wrapping using new technology nowadays applied for sealing tunnels and landfills. We will present the implementation requirements, materials and new adapted method for wrapping shipwrecks.     

Pollen-wood analysis at the Neapolis harbour site (1st–3rd century AD,southern Italy) and its archaeobotanical implications

Three Roman shipwrecks (Napoli A and Napoli C – 1st cent. AD; Napoli B – 2nd century AD) were recovered in the sandy-silt sediments representing the infilling of a protected inlet of Neapolis harbour (Naples, southern Italy). Extensive wood analysis suggests that a very attentive selection of species was made in shipbuilding, the choice of timber being related to wood technological properties and to the structural uses of the construction elements. Pollen data obtained from the coeval sedimentary layers revealed that all the timber taxa (apart from Picea/Larix) were present in the surroundings of the study area. The identified forest taxa are very common in the Mediterranean basin and thus the pollen-wood comparison was not able to define the location of the shipyards. Broad comparison with western Mediterranean wrecks evidenced the peculiarity of the Neapolis ships where the systematic use of both Juglans regia and Cupressus sempervirens was highlighted. Archaeological, biogeographical and archaeobotanical considerations suggest the local provenance of the ship C and constrain the possible origin area of both the ship Napoli A and Napoli B to central-southern Tyrrhenian coasts.