江西纪年墓出土明代景德镇民窑青花瓷研究

本文在对江西各地出土的116件明代景德镇纪年青花瓷标本进行器物形制、胎质釉色、装饰纹样分析的基础上,提出民窑可按照其自身发展大致分为早、中、晚三期。     

安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉初步研究

本文利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪与电子探针能谱仪对安徽繁昌窑青白瓷釉的显微结构、物相和化学组成进行了分析,并与同时期的湖北青山窑和江西景德镇窑青白瓷釉进行了对比研究,认为繁昌窑青白瓷釉属于钙系釉中钙釉类型,其瓷釉配方工艺与青山窑与湖田窑相似,应由一种“釉石”加入石灰石及草木灰制成。     

近年来景德镇元代青花窑址调查与研究

本文对2000年以前景德镇元代青花窑址考古调查的历史进行了简要总结,对2000年以后在景德镇老城区城市改造中揭示出来的小港嘴、落马桥、电磁厂—刘家弄、戴家弄、小黄家弄—桂花弄(十八桥)、四图里(半边街)等六处元代青花窑址及其出土的部分元青花瓷器进行了介绍。作者根据窑址调查和考古资料,对景德镇元青花窑址的基本分布情况、景德镇元代青花瓷器生产的鼎盛时期及景德镇元青花瓷器是否存在官窑等问题进行了论述。     

四川崇州万家镇明代窖藏

2005年4月,在四川省崇州市万家镇发现一处明代窖藏,出土器物49件。器物按质地分为瓷器、锡器、铜器三大类。其中瓷器44件,另有锡执壶3件、铜盆1件、海螺杯1件。瓷器以青花瓷为主,另有少量青釉、白釉、白釉褐彩等品种,器形包括碗、高足杯、碟、执壶、壁瓶、炉、人像等,绝大多数是景德镇民间窑场的产品,其年代为明代晚期,即万历中后期至崇祯年间,下限可能到清初。这批窖藏瓷器中,青花"赤壁赋"文碗、青花山水人物纹高足杯、青花桃果枝叶纹碟、青花团花竹石纹壁瓶、青花蕉叶人物开光纹执壶、仿宋官窑青釉三足炉等制作精美,为研究明晚期瓷器提供了重要的实物资料。     

Tracing the origin of blue and white Chinese Porcelain ordered for the Portuguese market during the Ming dynasty using INAA

The existing documentary history of Chinese porcelain ordered for the Portuguese market (mainly Ming dynasty.) is reasonably advanced; nevertheless detailed laboratory analyses able to reveal new aspects like the number and/or diversity of producing centers involved in the trade with Portugal are lacking.In this work, the chemical characterization of porcelain fragments collected during recent archaeological excavations from Portugal (Lisbon and Coimbra) was done for provenance issues: identification/differentiation of Chinese porcelain kilns used. Chemical analysis was performed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using the Portuguese Research Reactor. Core samples were taken from the ceramic body avoiding contamination form the surface layers constituents. The results obtained so far point to: (1) the existence of three main chemical-based clusters; and (2) a general attribution of the porcelains studied to southern China kilns; (3) a few samples are specifically attributed to Jingdezhen and Zhangzhou kiln sites. In a chronological point of view, for the studied samples we assist to an increasing improvement of the production procedure from late 15th till the 17th centuries of the Chinese porcelains sent to Portugal, especially enhanced by the association of late porcelains with refining processes of the original raw material, consistent with removal of more heavy minerals. In the case of some samples a kiln attribution was possible, but for the majority of the samples we haven't found yet the specific kilns.     

河南巩义市白河窑遗址发掘简报

2005年4月至2008年3月,河南省文物考古研究所与中国文化遗产研究院合作,对巩义白河窑进行了考古发掘。清理窑炉6座,灰坑、灶、沟等110余个。该窑址首次发现了烧制白瓷和青瓷的北魏窑炉及其产品、以及唐青花瓷器和唐三彩马俑等,取得了重要的考古收获。     

湖田窑考古新收获

本文着重介绍了景德镇湖田窑元代遗址最新考古发掘的材料,并通过对这些新材料的研究,认定湖田窑址所代表的窑场可能是元代浮梁磁局所属的官府瓷器作坊之一.除日用瓷外,建筑用瓷也是其主要产品。在釉色品种上,有青白釉器.卵白釉器、白釉器、黑釉器、青花、釉里红和低温彩瓷等。     

漫谈唐代青花瓷器（下）

五、唐代青花瓷的创烧与传承 唐代青花瓷创烧年代至今仍未确认,但从世界闻名的唐三彩器物群中的蓝彩器可以发现一些线索。学术界公认,唐三彩于隋代开创先河,唐三彩中大量钴蓝的使用是青花用于白釉彩瓷的先决条件,钻蓝彩在唐三彩中大量的应用,以及它的沉稳、清净、高雅、悦目等特征更得到社会和外销支持。     

越南出水明清时期外销陶瓷

广西壮族自治区博物馆在自治区成立五十周年之际与越南国家历史博物馆联合举办“海上丝绸之路遗珍—越南出水陶瓷”展览。西汉时期丝绸之路自朝廷派遣张骞两次出使西域后对外贸易进入繁荣期,商品运输,除了通过横贯大陆陆路外,还从海上通往世界各地,其航道称为“海上丝绸之路”。     

明早期官窑青花瓷器所用钴料的产地特征和晕散成因分析

为揭示明早期官窑青花瓷器所用钴料的产地特征和"色散而不收"的原因,以明早期官窑青花瓷器和阿联酋采集的伊斯兰蓝彩器标本为研究对象,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪(EDXRF)和激光诱导击穿光谱分析(LIBS)分析方法分别对青花或者蓝彩纹饰部位以及釉的常规元素组成含量和氧化硼含量进行测试分析。结果表明:1)景德镇明早期青花瓷器所用钴料与伊斯兰蓝彩器标本类似,均为含有硼元素的经过预熔处理的低锰型钴料。2)明早期官窑青花瓷器"色散而不收"的主要原因在于其采用了含有硼的高钠、高钙以及低铝、低硅的预熔处理过的钴玻璃料。研究结果从硼元素角度佐证了明早期官窑青花瓷器所用的进口钴料可能来自于伊斯兰地区,为今后青花钴料的产地研究提供了新的视角和数据。     

简论明早期瓷器及相关问题

The author analysed the modelling, character and influence of porcelain of Jingdezhen official kilns from Hongwu, Yongle, Xuande Zhengtong, Jingtai and Tianshun period in early Ming Dynasty( 1368-1457)of Chinese history dependent on rich data in this article. Author indicated that the rulers of that time negated Yuan Dynasty by the Menggu Nationality meanwhile resumed the Confucian Culture of Song Dynasty and aesthetic standards of the Han Nationalyity and these ones were reflected obviously at porcelain of the official kilns.     

元代瓷匜研究

匜是先秦礼器中的水器。元代开始,瓷匜大量出现,涉及景德镇窑、龙泉窑和钧窑等著名窑口。本文以墓葬、窖藏和窑址等考古发掘资料为基础,结合文献与前人研究成果,对元代瓷匜进行了探讨,认为其源于元代同形金银器,性质应为酒器,同时兼具祭器之用。     

景德镇明代洪武瓷的化学组成研究

明代洪武时期,景德镇开始设立御窑烧造宫廷用瓷,因此,对这批洪武瓷的研究一直是人们关注的问题。采用能量色散X荧光分析方法对景德镇和南京出土的数件洪武瓷样品作胎釉成分无损测试。结果表明,明洪武不同品种瓷器采用的釉料不同;官窑洪武青花瓷和蓝釉瓷的色料采用了低锰高铁特征的钴料;洪武瓷胎料使用了二元配方。     

Provenance research by INAA on ancient Chinese white porcelain excavated from the Maojiawan site of Beijing

More than one million shards of ancient Chinese porcelain were excavated at the Maojiawan pit in Beijing in September 2005. Among these shards, four types of ancient Chinese white porcelain were identified. The ages and provenances of three of these types of porcelain were accurately determined by archaeologists based on typology. However, different archaeologists interpreted the other/fourth type differently. According to the colour of the porcelain body, it was easily identified as the product of the Jingdezhen kilns of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644 AD). However, based on the vessel shape, this fourth type of porcelain was also identified as the product of the Cizhou kilns of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368 AD). In order to determine the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain, 131 shards comprising the four types of white porcelain identified at the site were selected as experimental specimens and analysed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). After the processing of experimental data by principal component analysis and geochemical analysis, the results show that the provenance of this type of ancient Chinese white porcelain is the Jingdezhen, not the Cizhou kiln.     

临水窑与介休窑白底彩绘工艺的对比研究

白底黑花装饰风格的瓷器,始终是陶瓷、科技界和陶瓷爱好者关注的热点。临水窑(磁州窑)与介休窑白底黑花风格的瓷器之间有着密切的联系,但是对于两窑产品的科技分析甚少,至于两者的对比研究更是无从谈起。因此,本工作利用岩相分析、SEM-EDS等方法分析了临水窑(磁州窑)、介休窑样品的瓷胎、化妆土及瓷釉的化学成分和显微结构。比较分析显示,两窑样品的瓷胎均为低硅高铝配方,且介休窑瓷胎中的Al2O3含量更高;两窑瓷胎粗糙,Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高,致使其呈浅黄色。瓷胎表面均施有化妆土,所不同的是,介休窑的瓷胎表面施有两层化妆土,其靠近釉的一层化妆土(h2),Fe2O3、TiO2含量极低,靠近胎的一层化妆土(h1),Fe2O3、TiO2含量较高;临水窑样品的瓷胎表面仅施一层化妆土,其Fe2O3、TiO2含量较低,但高于介休窑近釉层化妆土中的相应含量。介休窑瓷釉为典型的高钙釉,而临水窑则为典型的碱钙釉和钙碱釉。不难认识到,介休窑似在临水窑白底黑花及化妆土工艺的基础上,因地制宜,勇于创新,形成了成本低廉、技术先进的两层化妆土工艺,在当地原料较为粗糙的条件下,生产出质量较好的白底釉下彩绘瓷器。     

河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土瓷器的原料来源研究——以北朝和隋唐时期出产的青瓷、白瓷为例

为探讨河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土的不同时期青瓷、白瓷的原料来源,用显微观察、电子探针(EPMA)等手段,分析其原料来源及技术工艺进行分析,并探讨两窑之间的技术联系。分析可知,两窑在瓷釉、瓷胎的原料配置上存在差异:巩义窑瓷胎均使用当地高岭土一元配方,瓷釉中加入瓷胎原料为基体并加入高钙草木灰;邢窑瓷胎在使用当地高岭土的基础上加入长石类矿物原料,瓷釉中除瓷胎所使用的黏土以外,还加入含有高钙高镁的草木灰或矿物原料。两窑还存在一些共性如:两窑瓷釉均添加石英类原料以提高SiO_2含量;巩义窑与邢窑两地早期、唐中期产品形制相似,原料配方有共通之处,说明当时两地在陶瓷的原料配方、制瓷技术中有过交流。     

宋元时期景德镇窑装烧工艺的研究——景德镇装烧工艺研究之一

宋元时期是景德镇制瓷工业历史上非常重要的一个阶段,正是在这一时期,景德镇开始逐渐形成了具有自身特色的区域生产传统和产品面貌,并在窑业技术上多有创新,表现在窑炉的改进、窑具的创新和装烧方法的变革三个方面。本文从考古发现的景德镇窑宋元时期的窑炉与窑具入手,通过系统梳理其发展演变的脉络,以点带面,管窥景德镇制瓷工艺在10~14世纪的探索与进步,并尝试分析其他窑业生产传统对景德镇的影响。     

RAW MATERIALS FOR MAKING PORCELAIN AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PORCELAIN WARES IN NORTH AND SOUTH CHINA IN ANCIENT TIMES

This is a review of the raw materials used for producing ancient traditional porcelains in the famous kiln areas of north and south China. The relation between the use of porcelain stone and the invention of Chinese porcelain is described. The characteristics of porcelain stone and kaolin and their important role in the development of southern porcelains are discussed. As porcelain stone, which mainly consists of quartz and sericite, occurs widely in south China, the ancient southern porcelains were of a highly siliceous nature. From the beginning of the Yuan through to the Qing Dynasty more and more kaolin was added to the bodies to improve the quality of Jingdezhen porcelain. The glazes in south China were prepared from a mixture of porcelain stone and grass-plus-wood ash or glaze ash, here defined as the ash made by calcining limestone with plant material. The raw materials used in the north for making porcelain bodies were mainly various kinds of clay minerals. Feldspar, quartz and dolomite or calcite were used for northern porcelain glazes.     

Provenance of Qingbai wares from Shabian kiln archaeological site in the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127 ce) using XRF and LA-ICP-MS*

In order to discuss the exact provenance of the Qingbai wares discovered at Shabian archaeological site in Guangzhou, which had a similar appearance to Jingdezhen Qingbai ware, we analysed both the body and glaze of the Qingbai wares from the Shabian kiln site and those from other related kilns, including Hutian in Jingdezhen, Xicun in Guangzhou and Chaozhou of Guangdong, by using micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Based on the analyses, we found that both bodies and glaze of the Qingbai wares in Shabian had the characteristics of a low abundance of rare earth elements (REE), strong negative Eu anomalies, and remarkably low Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, which was consistent with those from Hutian kiln in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province. We also found that the glaze of Qingbai ware from different kilns also had its provenance characteristic in the concentration of the trace elements, and the change of the REE pattern between glaze and its corresponding bodies in Qingbai wares might provide some clue about the types and source of flux. In addition, the lower Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios in both the bodies and glaze of Jingdezhen Qingbai wares were attributed to the chemical characteristics of the local granite.     

漫谈唐代青花瓷器（上）

中国是世界上最早发明瓷器的国家,也是青花瓷器的发源地和首创国,但是对青花瓷起源的认识一直比较模糊。最近几年,随着巩义唐三彩窑址、巩义白河窑址聊及郑州市上街区正岩公司工程项目中唐墓的发掘,唐代青花瓷名正言顺登上中国古陶瓷的殿堂,越来越引起陶瓷研究界和全国各界的关注,同时又促使一批研究成果问世。然而关于唐代青花瓷的有些问题也存在不同认识和盲区,