AMURRU＇S EXPANSION AND EGYPT＇S RESPONSE IN THE AMARNAAGE

In the Amama Age, contacts between Egypt and its vassals, especially vassals in the northern Canaan, are attested in the Amama Letters. Amurru has once been a powerful state in the eyes of other vassals, as is reflected by the Amama Letters.Among the Amarna Letters, there were at least 78 letters relating to Amurru. Just as Murnane points out, “When Amurru first appears on the political map of Syria in the fourteenth century B. C., it is not as the unified country it was to become, but as a loose grouping of city states, each under its own rulers,” the kingdom of Amurru may consisted of many city-states.     

A Commemorative Happy Day China holds grand commemorative activities to celebrate the millennium of the Gesar Epic

On Oct.17,2001,delegates from more than 140countries and regions unanimously agreed,at the 31thUNESCO session,that the commemorative activitiesto celebrate the millennium of the Gesar Epic wouldbe enlisted into one of the UN programs from July of2002 to july of 2003.It shows an internationally affir-mative recognition of the wisdom of the Tibetan eth-nic group of China,and it is also an internationallyaffirmative recognition of those great achievementsmade in the collection,collation and academic researchof documents of the Gesar Epic in China since thefounding of New China,especially since its reform andopening up.     

The Origin of “Chinese Philosophy”

Using the analysis of a single word to launch a conceptual review of (a problem in) cultural history, the Chinese term zhexue 哲學 (wisdom-learning, tetsugaku) is not simply a translation of the word “philosophy”; its inventor, Nishi Amane (1829–97), regarded it as the (Western) counterpart of Oriental learning (Tōyōgaku). The first explicit linkage of “philosophy” with “the East” was at The University of Tokyo, where it played an important role in the work of Katō Hiroyuki (1836–1913) and Inoue Tetsujirō (1855–1944). Inoue’s History of Oriental Philosophy, written under Katō’s inspiration, used Western philosophy to systematize ancient Chinese thought, and transformed “philosophy” (tetsugaku) from a learning of others, or Western learning, into an important component of the spiritual world of the East, and into a kind of universal knowledge. This was completely different from earlier lectures on “China philosophy” (shina tetsugaku) by Nakamura Masanao (1832–91) and Shimada Jūrei (1838–98) which still followed the Chinese underlying structure, and in the background, it had the intent of grasping the power to control East Asian discourse. In China, when young scholars like Wang Guowei (1877–1927) embraced philosophy, they already took its universality as a self-evident premise. This kind of alignment later evolved into a situation where it seemed entirely natural to use Western systems to interpret Chinese thought, and it also induced serious scholars to reflect. However, “Oriental philosophy” and “Chinese philosophy” provide East Asia and especially China with an opportunity to reevaluate its traditional culture. In this connection, “Chinese philosophy” includes: first, using philosophical concepts to re-provision ancient thought (the so-called history of Chinese philosophy); second, the occurrence of “philosophy” and “Chinese philosophy” and their evolution after their arrival in China; third, drawing on philosophy to enrich and develop China’s thinking. When seeking out “philosophy” in the veins and arteries of China’s history, the first and second aspects must be strictly distinguished. As to what the future may hold, the effect of the third aspect is most important.     

Dabringhaus,Sabine,Geschichte Chinas im 20. Jahrhundert(History of China in the Twentieth Century)

The book under review here,which is a continuation of Sabine Dabringhaus's last book,Geschichte Chinas:1279-1949 (History of China:1279-i949,Munich:Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag,2009),does not aim to simply describe modern China nor to provide a simple list of historical events,rather,it aims to provide an understanding of China in the twentieth century.Dabringhaus ingeniously incorporates this "huge challenge" within a framework that distinguishes ten "distinctive periods" within the time span of the book,and addresses "aspects of continuity," including "the connection of the Chinese system of government to the ideological beliefs of China,its dominating leadership of political elites,and its nationwide bureaucratic control" (p.9).     

Davies,John Paton,Jr.,China Hand: An Autobiography

John Paton Davies's story is familiar to students of China-U.S.relations.Born to missionary parents in Sichuan,Davies joined the Foreign Service in 1931 after his itinerant undergraduate years.Through language training in Beijing and postings in Kunming,Shenyang,and Hankou,Davies built a reputation as one of the State Department's most capable China hands.When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor,he was working at State's Far Eastern Affairs desk.Eager to return to China—or just get out of Washington—Davies urged Major General Joseph Stilwell,who was rumoured to be leading an American military mission to Chongqing,to take him along.Davies got his wish a few months later and spent most of the wartime in China as Stilwell's civilian aid.After the war,Davies,who had predicted that Mao Zedong's Communists would triumph over Jiang Jieshi's Nationalists once the Japanese surrendered,became a target of Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist accusations.Secretary of State John Foster Dulles fired him in 1954 after his ninth appearance before the State Department's Loyalty Security Board.Disgusted with the politics in America,Davies and his family left the country and lived many years in Peru.Though he returned to America in the 1960s and wrote on foreign affairs,Davies never again served in government.     

Public Health and Private Charity in Northeast China, 1905-1945

Medical charity in northeast China evolved through the confluence of three processes： the foundation of state medicine, the legal and political transformation of private charities, and the militarized competition for influence between China and Japan. Following the plague of 1910, a series of Chinese regimes began building medical infrastructure in areas under their control, but their ultimate inability to establish a comprehensive public health program left private charities to fill the gaps. In contrast, the Japanese administered concessions in Kant6 and along the South Manchuria Railway instituted a farsighted and multivaleneed medical policy. The Japanese model did not merely tolerate medical charities, it reserved for them a very specific role in the larger strategic framework of healthcare provision. Under the client state of ＂Manzhouguo,＂ the Japanese model further evolved to channel medical voluntarism into a hybrid state-charitable sector.     

要闻

China,Nepal Jointly Announce New Height of Mt.Qomolangma The new height of Mt.Qomolangma,the world's highest peak,is 8,848.86 meters,according to a joint announcement by China and Nepal on Dec.8,2020.The figure,including the height of the snowcap,was confirmed by surveyors from the two countries,which reached a consensus in 2019 to jointly declare the remeasured height of the peak and conduct scientific research on it.     

Protection of Lhalu Wetland

Lhalu Wetland is regarded as "the lung of Lhasa City" or its kidney showing its importance to the well-being of the capital of the autonomous region.Located in the north of the city, it used to be a piece of land belonging to a noble family named Lhalu. A typical highland marshland-type wetland, it is the highest of its kind in the world formed by the joint influence of the freezing grassland weather and its special geography.     

要闻（英文）

正China,Nepal Jointly Announce New Height of Mt.Qomolangma The new height of Mt.Qomolangma,the world's highest peak,is 8,848.86 meters,according to a joint announcement by China and Nepal on Dec.8,2020.The figure,including the height of the snowcap,was confirmed by surveyors from the two countries,which reached a consensus in 2019 to jointly declare the remeasured height of the peak and conduct scientific research on it.     

Tibetan Medicine Wins Global Attention

<正>On August 21,2016,over 300 experts from over 12 countries gathered in Lhasa to celebrate the l00-year anniversary of the founding of Lhasa Mentsekhang and also hold the second annual conference of Tibetan madicine committee of WFCMS academic forum for Tibetan traditional medicine and astrology.Tibetan Medicine Hospital got its name"Mentsekhang"when it was founded by Master Tsikhang Jica and Master Khenrab Norbu in Lhasa,with it also being known as the Tibetan Medicine and Astrology Institute in the past.From the very     

READER＇S LETTER

Dear Editor China＇s Tibet Magazine： Number 3 arrived. I subscribed to Chinas Tibet magazine 10 years ago and I am happy I take the magazine out of the envelope. Look at the cover, then I glance at the pictures page by page to get first impression, then read the articles. I look at the cover again and it opens my eyes. The back is continuation of the cover I missed looking at before. Front cover and back cover make one long picture. Now I am very much impressed and I want to put that long picture on my bedroom wall. When I wake up and look at the dock,     

RIGZIN SHERAB,A MAKER FROMTHE MAINLANDTIBETAN CLASS

<正>If it were not for seeing him in person,one would have thought the Tibetan man to be someone from literature.He wears loose clothes with a shiny dark pigtail on the back of his head,and every now and then,he breaks out in a few classic sayings made by Deng Xiaoping,a recent president of China.25 years ago,Rigzin Sherab left Tibet to go study in mainland China for the first time.Looking out of the window     

SEDA ENJOYS A BRIGHTER TOMORROW

It has been 700 years since the time of Dong Washiugyia, and it has been 400 years since the Washiu people moved to settle down in the Seda Grassland. During the period of their 9th-generation Washiu tribal chief, they came under the rule of China. In August 1952, the people's government of Xikang Tibetan area dispatched Puncog Namgyia to Seda to achieve its peaceful liberation.SOCIAL PROGRESS. Seda is a county living on animal husbandry, which accounts for 70 percent of its total o…     

Lies Do Not Hold Water

Premier Wen Jiabao paid a visit to the four countries of South Asia, including India,in April. The visit was a success and received a widespread warm response.One result was that China and India established “relations of strategic partnership for peace and prosperity”, and established the political guidelines to be used on presently unresolved border issues. All people harboring good intentions and who love peace are happy to see the progress made by the two most populous countries in the world and believe it will help promote peace not only in Asia but in the world at large.     

Tibetan Treasures Showrin USA

From October 2003 to September 2005, China holds the Tibet: Treasures From the Roof of the World show in Los Angeles, Huston, San Francisco, New York and other American cities.When the show opened on October 12, 2003 in LA, close to 400 American celebrities and VTP from the cultural circle, and people of the Chinese origin residing in the United States attended the opening ceremony. As this is the first time China shows Tibetan treasures in the United States, American press called it is a show of epoch-making significance.     

古老的仪式,美好的祈愿

In the deep autumn in Nyingchi,the leaves covering the mountains become a mix of green and yellow.Rain always comes without any notice,sometimes heavily and other times as a mere drizzle.Then,just as quickly as it comes,it disappears,and great clouds hang upon the mountainside.These clouds often refuse to leave;they plant themselves until the sun and its smile slowly makes its way out.     

The United States Government and the Issue of Tibet during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

As far as China-US relations are concerned,the Tibet issue is one of those that appeared only in the past 100 years.It has never been an essential one in China-US relations.However,from the day that the People's Republic of China (PRC) was established,the Tibet issue turned out to be a long-term factor which has exerted an influence on the relations between the two countries over an extended period of time.     

Rethinking the History and Theory of Jus Publicum Universal: The Formation of China as a "Semi-Civilized" Legal Subject

Much of the existing scholarship on the universalization of nineteenth-century international law has framed it in terms of the imperial West's domination of non-Western societies.This article complicates and qualifies this conventional state-centric narrative by investigating the juridical,capitalist production of China as a "semi-civilized" international legal subject.It examines the foundational modem Sino-British/Westem commercial and extraterritorial treaties,as well as the treatises of a new professional class of British international lawyers-James Lorimer (1818-90),John Westlake (1828-1913),William Edward Hall (1835-94),T.E.Holland (1835-1926),Thomas Lawrence (1849-1920),and Lassa Oppenheim (1849-1920).The juridical production of China as a "semi-civilized" legal subject throws into relief the dual capitalist nature and significance of the universalization of nineteenth-century international law.On the one hand,this "civilized" legal discourse underwrote a novel liberal conception of a universal international law (jus publicum universal) within which China was formally included as a quasi-legal subject.On the other hand,it also underwrote a particularistic,Euro-centric international law,which excluded China from its global domain and denied it basic sovereign fights.In this way also,"civilized" international law justified both formal equality in Europeannon-European treaty relations,as well as the real substantive inequality of these international exchanges of rights and obligations.Building on the critical theoretical work of Evgeny Pashukanis (1891-1937),this article argues that a non-orthodox Marxist social theory of legal forms is best suited to explain the abstract,liberal universalism of nineteenth-century "civilized" international law and the contradictory forms of legal and jurisprudential discourse it made available and rendered normatively meaningful to international law practitioners.Through this Marxist theory,moreover,I shall relate said contradictory discourse to modern commodity exchange practices.     

History,Culture, and Politics： On Historical Formation and Identity Dilemmas of ＂China＂

This lecture is concerned with some historical issues of ＂China,＂ ＂territory, culture＂ and ＂identity＂ that are placed against the background of politics, culture and scholarship in contemporary China. I want to draw attention to the question of how historians understand and interpret ＂China.＂ It addresses the following questions. First, where did the idea of ＂China＂ come from？ and how did it become a topic of scholarly research？ What kind of dilemmas does ＂China＂ confront in its current condition and historical interpretation？ Second, how do various new historical theories and methods in international academic circles enrich our understanding of ＂China＂？ Third, how does China＇s history and reality challenge the theories of ＂empire＂ and ＂nation-state＂？ Fourth, is it possible to write ＂East Asian history＂？ Does ＂national history＂ prove still effective in describing China or East Asia？     

Lhasa Will Have World＇s Highest Rail Tracks Soon

Lhasa, July 25: Ignoring criticism of its ecological consequences,China is going ahead with the construction of the world‘s highest railway line linking Tibet with the mainland. Debunking the apprehensions that it might disturb the ecology of the region, an official of the Tibetan Autonomous Region said that enough care has been taken to protect the environment.