香港考古早期发展综述（1928—1976）

香港地区的考古工作自1920年代诞生到1970年代被纳入政府规管,其早期发展逐渐走向成熟。本文通过对这一阶段的主要考古田野工作和相关理论研究进行梳理,总结香港地区考古学早期发展的规律和特色。早期香港考古的学科边界由模糊到清晰,逐渐走向科学化;理论路径由文化历史主义不断发展;其国际性贯穿始终。学者们自20世纪40年代开始将香港考古材料与粤东及吴越地区考古材料相结合进行研究,自此香港考古被纳入华南考古的大背景中。     

香港近年考古新发现及其意义

香港,是镶嵌在中国东南南端的一颗璀璨明珠,自古以来就是祖国不可分割的神圣领土。香港历史悠久,其渊源于中国大陆可追溯到史前,这已为数十年来,特别是近年的考古发现所证实。拙文拟就香港近年考古发现及其意义作一初步探讨和谈点浅见。一、考古新发现香港地区考古开始较早,但发展缓慢,直到７０年代末以降,考古发掘才是科学的,且考古新发现频传。（一）遗址的发掘　香港地区考古调查肇始于２０世纪２０年代末。１９２８年《中国地质学会志》第七卷刊载韩雷（Ｃ．Ｍ．Ｈｅａｎｌｅｙ）的《香港石器》和袁复礼的《香港新石器之研究》…     

香港地区史前考古与生态环境的研究

香港地区的史前考古一经起步就十分注重环境考古的研究;从本世纪三十年代初开始至今,学者们不断地探讨着不同地貌与遗址的关系,并就香港新生代晚期以来的环境、气候、海平面升降变迁等作出了系统科学的结论。考古学家进一步从贝丘遗址中贝类软体动物遗存的变化,推断出先民们从新石器时代到青铜时代、甚至汉代的生产和生活方式的演进历程。     

香港地区青铜时代考古及有关问题的探讨

早在20年代初,就有港英政府的官员、医生、传教士等外籍人士在香港从事考古调查与发掘工作。从1921年到1996年的75年中,香港考古工作不断取得新的成绩。学者们对这个地区自史前时代到历史时期各个阶段的物质文化发展,已经有了比较系统的认识。在香港,青铜时代的遗址已发现90个(图一),其中近半数得到试掘或发掘,积累了丰富的资料。近10年来,香港、深圳、珠海、中     

台湾左镇人类化石和长滨文化再研究

迄今为止, 比较确凿的台湾旧石器时代考古遗存只有2处,即台南左镇乡菜(?)溪人类化石和台东长滨八仙洞打制石器.其中前者是台湾地区唯一发现古人类化石的地点.关于左镇人类化石的发现.过去台湾报刊曾经报道,台湾学者和日本学者也进行过一些研究.大陆学者也在一些场合作了叙述.一般认为,左镇人化石是1970年夏发现的,它是一个青年男性的右顶骨残片,属于旧石器时代晚期人类.年代在距今1—3万年前,根据出土地点可将其命名为“左镇人”.实际上,由于长斯以来台湾与大陆的隔绝,大陆学者普遍对台湾考古发现和研究进展了解不够,上面的表述是极其不足的,我们有必要根据近年公布的材料加以更正和说明.     

中国20世纪100项考古大发现评选揭晓河南省入选17项名列第一

由中国社会科学院主办的权威考古学刊物《考古》杂志和 8个国家级文物考古机构 ,2 8个省、市、自治区和香港特别行政区的文物考古机构 ,1 1所重点大学的考古文博院、系共同评选的“中国 2 0世纪 1 0 0项考古大发现”显示 ,河南省作为文物大省 ,共有 1 7项考古大发现入选 ,名列全国第一 ,安阳殷墟以最高票名列百项之首。中国 2 0世纪 1 0 0项考古大发现评选 ,评选范围为 1 90 1年～ 2 0 0 0年间中国 (含香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省在内 )的重大考古发现。要求一是具有重大的科学价值和意义 ,二是在国内外产生过重大的社会影响 ,三是在中国…     

古埃及和印度河文明串珠研究的启示

<正>珠饰的考古价值1在西方很早就引起学者的注意。19世纪以来,埃及和印度河流域都发现有大量新石器至青铜时代的珠饰遗物和一些作坊遗迹。如英国考古学家皮特里就非常重视埃及考古所见的各种装饰品,并在考古报告中对珠饰辟有专门记录。上世纪40年代,夏鼐先生参与整理皮特里收藏的古埃及珠饰并撰写了博士论文2,这也许是考古界唯一对古埃及新石器时代至罗马时期珠饰进行通盘梳理的专论3。印度河流域的珠饰研究在二战前也已开展起     

芬戴礼在香港的考古调查与发掘

环珠江口地区四通八达,自古便受到来自各方的影响,形成了独特的文化面貌。20世纪20至30年代,一些外籍考古爱好者在环珠江口地区进行的考古调查与发掘,对认识该地区古代文化起到了重要的作用。其中,芬戴礼在香港南丫岛大湾遗址开展的田野发掘工作是香港地区的首次考古发掘。本文从芬戴礼在香港的考古调查和发掘活动,以及对大湾遗址的发掘出发,回顾他在香港进行考古工作的意义和存在的问题。     

香港地区史前时代居民与族属问题研究的回顾与检讨

在环珠江口一带,包括香港在内,为开拓这方热土,也为整个中华民族的形成和发展,古越人作出了不朽的贡献。从历年来,尤其是近三十年来,香港考古的众多发现,更显示香港地区与祖国内地不可分割的密切关系。今日,在香港回归祖国前夕,对香港古代居民的族属进行研究,并回顾往昔的研究历程,将是有着深远的意义。利用考古资料来探索香港史前居民与族属问题是香港考古学的一大特色。1933年芬戴礼首先在香港著文发表关于这一问题的看法,他认为香港的原始居民属于南岛语群。l、原南岛语群说。关于这一说法有两派：a、南岛北来说奥地利人凯尼…     

小河墓地与新疆青铜时代考古的发端

小河墓地是新踹地区最早一批被科学记录并做了部分发掘的青铜时代遗址,20世纪初被罗布猎人奥尔徳克发现,20世纪30年代由瑞典学者贝格曼占察记录,直至21世纪初才被中国考古学家正式发掘,这个过程历经百年。这近百年的时间不仅足中国考古逐步发展的时段,也是新疆考山力经坎坷、不断发展的时段。     

中国青铜时代不存在失蜡法铸造工艺

长期以来,学术界公认曾侯乙尊盘和淅川下寺铜禁是采用失蜡法工艺铸造。近年来,我们对相关实物进行了仔细的研究,发现在被认为是失蜡法工艺铸造的部件上都有明确的范缝和其它范铸工艺的特征。因此,无论是曾侯乙尊盘还是淅川下寺铜禁都不可能是用失蜡法工艺铸造的。进一步的研究表明,在青铜时代,我国广大地区普遍采用范铸工艺,商代中期之前,主要是整体铸造,商代中期至西周,主要还是整体铸造,但开始了分铸插接工艺;春秋以后则主要采用分铸和焊接工艺;既没有失蜡法铸造的器例,也没有失蜡法工艺产生的必要的技术基础和社会需求。     

西周封国徙封的文献举证——以宜侯夨簋铭文等四篇文献为中心

西周一些重要封国的封地曾经发生过变化,这种变化对西周封国格局和国家的政治进程产生深刻影响。虽然之前已经有学者提醒注意,但一直未能举出文献中对于徙封直接记载的条目,也不清楚文献中是否有关于徙封的直接表述。分析可知,宜侯夨簋、邢侯簋、《诗经·閟宫》、《诗经·崧高》四篇周代文献中"迁侯于宜"、"■邢侯服"、"俾侯于东"、"于邑于谢"就分别是对虞、邢、鲁、申四国徙封的明确记述。这些文献还揭示了西周封国徙封的一些细节和特征。找到了文献例证,未来可以在更稳妥的基础上探索西周封国徙封问题。     

图们江流域的青铜时代文化研究

图们江发源于白头山的东麓,由南向北蜿蜒穿流于长白山和咸镜山脉之间,自图们市开始东折,最后注人日本海。沿途的主要支流有海兰江、布尔哈通河、嘎呀河、挥春河等。该水系之北为绥芬河流域,以西     

再论"失蜡工艺不是中国青铜时代的选择"

本文从技术史的理论角度论述了"没有需求就没有发明(No need,no invention)"、"没有需求就没有发展"等技术产生发展的客观规律,指出,中国古代(青铜时代)在发达而成体系的青铜范铸技术环境里是不可能孕育发展出"熔模铸造体系"的,并以曾侯乙尊盘的铸造工艺及相关的模拟实验结果作进一步的论证;同时,对中国古代"失蜡工艺"起源于商周青铜器"焚失法"的观点提出质疑,并指出,"失蜡工艺"是在佛教传入中国之后,为铸造"西洋风格"的佛像传入我国.     

再论“失蜡工艺不是中国青铜时代的选择”

本文从技术史的理论角度论述了“没有需求就没有发明(No need,no invention)”、“没有需求就没有发展”等技术产生发展的客观规律,指出,中国古代(青铜时代)在发达而成体系的青铜范铸技术环境里是不可能孕育发展出“熔模铸造体系”的,并以曾侯乙尊盘的铸造工艺及相关的模拟实验结果作进一步的论证;同时,对中国古代“失蜡工艺”起源于商周青铜器“焚失法”的观点提出质疑,并指出,“失蜡工艺”是在佛教传入中国之后,为铸造“西洋风格”的佛像传入我国。     

From Alloy Composition to Alloying Practice: Chinese Bronzes

We propose a new methodology based on standard statistical processes for displaying and rigorously comparing the alloy composition of archaeological bronze alloys. Although traditional approaches using visual comparisons of histograms of alloying elements in an assemblage of archaeological objects are adequate for observing differences between these distributions, we argue that differences in sample size cannot be adequately accounted for without using a statistical approach. We demonstrate this methodology by comparing the alloy composition of bronzes from the sequence of Bronze Age cultures in Central China—Erlitou, Erligang (Zhengzhou, or early Shang), Anyang (late Shang) and Western Zhou. We suggest that this approach allows the identification and rigorous comparison of ‘regional alloying practices’, which in turn enables us to link the alloy composition of the objects with the intentions and skills of foundry workers.     

Smelting and recycling evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baiões (Viseu,Portugal)

Many aspects of bronze production during Late Bronze Age in Western Europe are so far unknown. In the present study selected artefact fragments and metallurgical debris, which include a slag fragment, from the emblematic Late Bronze Age habitat site of Castro da Senhora da Guia de Baiões (Viseu, Portugal) have been studied by optical microscopy, micro-EDXRF, SEM–EDS and XRD. Evidences were found for bronze production involving smelting and recycling. Compositional analysis showed that the artefacts are made of a bronze with 13 ± 3 wt.% Sn (average and one standard deviation) and a low impurity pattern, namely <0.1 wt.% Pb, being comparable with the composition of other bronzes from the same region (the Central Portuguese Beiras). This alloy is generally different from elsewhere Atlantic and Mediterranean bronzes, which show frequently slightly lower Sn contents and higher impurity patterns, namely Pb which is often present as an alloying element. The present study gives further support to early proposals suggesting the exploration of the Western Iberian tin resources during Late Bronze Age, and besides that, it indicates that metalworking and smelting could have been a commonplace activity requiring no specific facilities, being bronze produced at a domestic scale in this Western extreme of Europe.     

Original DocumentsCharter of Cuthwulf,Bishop of Hereford

The investigation of a Late Bronze Age occupation layer on the banks of the Thames below Wallingford, on a number of occasions since 1949, has yielded an assemblage of Late Bronze Age pottery, flints, small finds including metalwork, and animal bones. The environment of the site, and the sequence of alluviation, have been elucidated by molluscan analysis.

The precise character of the settlement is unknown, but it can be compared with other British later Bronze Age settlements in respect of both its riverside location and the presence of a ‘midden’ deposit. The site bears directly on the question of riverine finds of Bronze Age metalwork; it is concluded that settlement erosion does not account for much of this material. The site is one of the few Late Bronze Age settlements to have been indentified in the Upper Thames Valley, and represents an early phase in the Iron Age settlement sequence of this area.     

Dietary Variability During Bronze Age in Central Italy: First Results

This research aims at delineating the dietary practices in Central Italy during the Bronze Age. The study of food choices is a mean for investigating palaeoenvironmental agricultural and economic activities and social relationships, which have been little explored until now in Italy from this specific perspective. Recent researches have showed that the Middle Bronze Age is a crucial period of dietary changes in Italy. Following these first observations, we studied three Bronze Age sites in Tuscany and Latium: Grotta dello Scoglietto, Grotta Misa and Felcetone. Analyses of stable carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes on 38 human and 22 animal collagen samples were performed. The results show three different dietary patterns. Data from Grotta dello Scoglietto (Early Bronze Age) indicate a high‐protein intake, with a probable consumption of fish. Additionally, sulphur results let us infer the presence of some non‐local people. Individuals from Felcetone (Initial phase of the Middle Bronze Age) show a terrestrial diet dominated by plant proteins, which suggests a low δ¹⁵N food intake, namely legumes, as well as C₄ plant, such as millet. Finally, values from Grotta Misa (Middle Bronze Age) highlight a mixed terrestrial diet and the consumption of millet. Given the variety of the obtained results, we are able to conclude that the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age represents a moment of change, which is reflected by the presence of different dietary patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bronze Age Field Systems in the Thames Valley

In the last two decades excavation along the River Thames has shown the remarkable survival of Bronze Age field systems. A managed farming landscape emerged in this lowland area during the Middle Bronze Age and continued to develop until the end of the Late Bronze Age. In the latter period the field systems were divided into several regional groups in each of which there was a high status settlement and a concentration of river metalwork. They provide evidence for a predominantly pastoral economy in the Thames Valley on a scale which may have supported an increasingly hierarchical society. Settlements and field systems were abandoned during the Late Bronze Age, and by the Bronze Age–Iron Age transition new sites were largely confined to the extreme upper reaches of the Thames, an area which had been peripheral to the alliance and exchange system that had operated downstream.