梯度理论综述

作为区域经济学的主要理论之一-梯度理论自20世纪70年代创立以来受到了诸多经济学家的关注,其理论基础也得以不断完善和巩固。该理论自20年世纪80年代初引入我国以来,在我国的经济战略制定中发挥了很重要的作用。随着其在我国经济社会中的实践,它也经历了传统(狭义)梯度理论、反梯度理论、广义梯度理论等诸阶段的演变,而每一个理论发展阶段都是对已有理论的重新审视和扬弃。以梯度理论的产生、发展演变为脉络,围绕该理论在不同发展阶段的代表性观点进行了归纳、总结梳理,并对传统(狭义)梯度理论、反梯度理论、广义梯度理论进行了简单评论。     

人地关系的理论透视

本文从对人地关系内涵的认识分析入手,着重探讨了人地关系演进的基本趋势与规律,并对人地关系的基本原理作了简要的论述。     

国际关系的变化趋势与地缘关系理论的变革

国际关系的发展趋势将以经济为主题、以和平合作为主调。相应的地缘关系理论也应作如下调整:从"争夺霸权"向"寻求合作"的目标转换、从地缘政治向地缘经济的主题转换、从地理位置向科技人才的解释因子转换、从欧洲中心论向全球一体化的空间转换。     

空间理论的图景拓展——基于哈格斯特朗与布迪厄的理论互构研究

哈格斯特朗与布迪厄作为同一时代的学术巨擘，他们的时间地理学与实践理论皆在各自学科领域占据着重要的研究阵地，然而由于学科体系的分化，两种学术理论至今仍“各自为战”。本研究希望以时间地理学与实践理论的互构为契机，拓展空间理论图景。首先，本文分析了时间地理学与实践理论在认识论层面上的亲和性；其次，阐述了时间地理学与实践理论在方法论层面上的地理空间与社会空间以及它们的应用场景；第三，在认识论与方法论的基础上，通过贯通时间地理学与实践理论的概念，提出了一套“地理空间-群体-社会空间”研究框架；最终，在实践层面上提出了研究展望。值此，希望为探索社会空间综合体的本质与深化关于空间议题的思考增加新的体悟。     

住宅优势度的理论与评价方法

在总结已有城市住宅价格空间分异相关理论体系的基础上,提出了住宅优势度的概念和理论,认为在城市内部,某住宅相对于其他住宅所具有的优势及其量化程度称为住宅优势度,是住宅相对优势的度量。住宅优势度决定住宅价格,住宅价格是住宅优势度的货币体现。构建了住宅优势度研究的基本框架,阐述了其假设前提,提出了其基本构成要素和综合评价体系。将该视角应用于扬州市的案例研究,结果表明其住宅优势度与住宅价格存在显著的正相关关系。证明本文构建的住宅优势度理论及其评价体系具有合理性和可行性,为城市住宅价格的构成要素与影响机理分析提供一个可供选择的新视角。     

增长极理论的困境与产业集群战略的重新审视

随着福特制生产方式逐渐式微、"新区域主义"的兴起,联合国工业发展组织(UNIDO)所倡导的区域发展模式从20世纪60、70年代的增长极战略转向90年代以来的产业集群策略。纵观增长极理论的实践绩效,几乎乏善可陈,可是其在区域发展领域的思想影响却挥之不去,在区域和城市规划中仍被普遍搬用。本文从"新区域主义"的典型代表思想--产业集群理论视角,对存在和影响了近半个世纪的增长极理论进行反思。从集群策略实施的必要条件、普遍适用性、区域效应等方面对集群理论进行了思考,并指出实施集群策略应该汲取的教训。     

HUME,HISTORY, AND THE USES OF SYMPATHY

This article focuses on the role of sympathy and antipathy in David Hume's History of England (1754–1762) in relation to the broader place of sympathy in Hume's moral philosophy. Hume, in his earlier philosophical work, argues that sympathy is a naturally occurring responsiveness to others’ feelings, similar to the resonance between musical strings. In his History, however, he carefully curates his readers’ emotional responses, inviting sympathy with figures of suffering—such as King Charles I and Mary Queen of Scots—while also, often almost simultaneously, stirring intense antipathy for those whose religious extremism he regards as socially dangerous and beyond comprehension. After first situating the emergence of Hume's theory of sympathy in its early eighteenth-century context, this article explores in detail the techniques of sentimental management that appear across the six volumes of the History of England. The elaborate deployment of emotions in Hume's historiography is shown to be in tension both with some aspects of his philosophy of natural human sympathy and with his brief reflections on the writing of history. Hume channeled his readers’ sympathies toward particular targets and against others. A careful analysis of this usefully sheds light on the management of sympathy in modern historiography, on which Hume has had an enduring influence.     

论文化地理学的基本理论与主要内容

文化地理学是人文地理学的一个分支,本文对文化地理学的基本理论进行了详细论述,提出了现代趋向为三种相互补充的研究方向,即景观学派、文化生态学派及环境感应研究。本文又对文化地理学的主要内容进行了阐述,意在丰富、充实文化地理学的研究。     

SIMULATION OF THE FOURIER PHASE SPECTRUM FOR THE GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS

This study presents the application of a new method for generating synthetic accelerograms based on statistical distributions for Fourier phase differences and Fourier amplitudes as functions of earthquake magnitude, hypocentral distance and site geology. Two important characteristics of the methodology are that it requires a small number of input parameters and that ground motion time histories can be simulated without any specific modulation function. Two areas with different tectonic patterns (North-Eastern and Central Italy) were selected for the application. The results of our analysis are reliable in the case of Central Italy because the data set is large and quite uniformly distributed, while for North-Eastern Italy our results should not be used for distances greater than 30 km.     

THE UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS OF LATE CRITICAL THEORY

Martin Jay's sweeping account of reason in Western philosophy provides the context for understanding the crisis that the Frankfurt School thinkers faced when they spoke of the “eclipse of reason.” In the background of the thinking of the first generation of Frankfurt thinkers such as Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, and Herbert Marcuse is a hankering for a more substantive conception of reason that bears affinities with what Hegel called Vernunft (reason), which he contrasted with Verstand (understanding). According to Jay, the first generation of Frankfurt thinkers never quite succeeded in elaborating this substantive concept of reason and grew increasingly pessimistic in the face of the self‐destruction of reason. Habermas sought to elaborate a communicative theory of rationality that did not fall into the misleading promises of Hegelian Vernunft but could nevertheless provide a normative basis for the critique of instrumental, strategic, and systems rationality—a normative basis for critical theory. Jay presents an extremely lucid account of Jürgen Habermas's theory of communicative rationality. He concludes by reviewing some of the outstanding problems and questions that have been raised about the adequacy and success of Habermas's project. I seek to do justice to the strengths and weaknesses of Jay's narrative, and I focus on a number of deep, unresolved issues that confront the future of critical theory in its attempt to develop an adequate conception of rationality. I also raise concerns about what precisely is distinctive about critical theory today.     

THE ONTOLOGY OF CAPITAL: ON THE SHARED METHODOLOGICAL LIMITS OF MODERNIZATION THEORY AND ITS CRITICS

This article argues that critical scholarship in historical studies has not overcome the methodological limits of modernization theory for failing to question the ontological principles that construct its object of analysis. I call these principles the “ontology of capital” and explicate them through Bourdieu's conceptualization of the field and capital. I argue that this ontology is established according to a distribution model in which social entities come into the analysis with the amount and value of the capital they hold. This model grasps all social relations in the form of competition, and actors and actions enter into the analysis only when they are involved in such relations. I then analyze Bernard Lewis's The Emergence of Modern Turkey, which is written explicitly from a modernization perspective, to show how the principles of the “ontology of capital” operate in this text. The analysis focuses on how sociohistorical facts are constructed through selection and articulation of empirical evidence that become meaningful only on the basis of this ontology. The aim of this analysis is to show the ontology of capital that constructs the object of analysis in Lewis's text rather than the Eurocentric, teleological, and elitist character of his analysis of history that critics in recent decades have addressed as problems of the modernization paradigm. Based on this, I argue that for a productive critical approach, relational analysis, which characterizes critical scholarship in contrast to essentialism, also has to consider the ontological principles in a historical work to overcome methodological limits. The failure to interrogate this ontology leads to an analytical separation in critical scholarship between the analysis of historical reality and of alternatives to this reality. This separation not only produces a dehistoricized analysis of the present from a critical perspective, but also turns the alternatives into utopian models.     

系统视角下的区域规划范式研究

信息化、市场化、人本主义的时代,需要从系统动态的角度来理解区域的本质及其规划。基于系统论的观点,本文认为区域规划是围绕现实与未来之间的区域系统"功能差"展开的一种创新过程,论述了区域规划的系统性、功能核心、创新性和主体性,并从区域系统角度对要素层面、结构层面、功能层面、主体控制层面进行了前沿领域的展望。     

论文化生态学的理论发展与新构架

本文本着批判地吸收不同学科领域有关文化生态的理论和方法,在系统论与生态观的指导下,积极发挥地理学研究文化生态学的优势,对文化生态学从基本概念到核心理论进行了重构,阐发了以文化生态系统为其研究对象、现代文化生态学的宏观、中观、微观研究领域观点。试图籍此完善文化生态学的理论体系并进一步增强其实践性。     

THE CRITICAL THEORY OF HISTORY: RETHINKING THE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY IN THE LIGHT OF KOSELLECK'S WORK

There are many ways to consider the philosophy of history. In this article, I claim that one of the most viable approaches to the philosophy of history today is that of critical theory of history, inspired by Reinhart Koselleck. Critical theory of history is based on what I call known history, history as it has been established and expounded by historians. What it contributes—its added value, so to speak—is a reflection on the categories employed to think about historical experience at its different levels, not only as a narrative but also as a series of events: their origins, contexts, terminology, functions (theoretical or practical), and, finally, eventual relevance.     

过滤理论的起源、概念及研究进展

过滤是住房的生命周期与家庭的生命周期之间相互作用的产物,包括两大支流:以建立经济理论和模型为代表的关注住房的过滤研究、有关居民迁居的强调家庭的过滤研究。过滤理论的地理学视角可以追溯到霍伊特(Hoyt)的扇形模型,提供了关于居民迁居和城市社会空间结构之关系的解释。过滤理论意义主要有:为低收入群体提供合适住房、解释城市微观和宏观空间变化、分析和解释与住房市场有关的社会问题。过滤理论是中国城市转型研究的新视角。     

服务业地理学的理论与人文地理学方法论革新探讨

长期以来,对服务业地理学的理论研究、特别是研究方法论的哲学探讨往往重视不够。文章探讨了服务业地理学研究的一般意义和特殊意义,在此基础上,对服务业地理学方法论进行了深入探讨。从而得到了人文地理学方法论研究的几点启示。研究结果表明:借助人地全息统一论与城市全息地域结构的研究成果,并从信息哲学的角度,对服务业空间规律的分布、服务业空间组合与形态、服务活动区位等进行研究,将是一个重要的研究思路和方向。     

美国绿色空间理论、实践及启示

本文介绍了绿色开敞空间概念,研究了美国城市公园系统、区域整体、绿道、自然风景、景观生态规划、大地景观、纽约城乡规划设想等重要理论,概述了其绿色空间发展历程,分析了美国自然风景园、公园运动、国家公园、开放空间规划、绿道等实践。最后,从自然风景名胜区体系、绿色空间区域生态化、绿色空间自然化、绿道网络化、园林创新、绿色开放系统等方面探讨了美国绿色空间理论与实践对我国的重要借鉴和启示。     

SIMULATION OF RIDGE-WEATHERING EFFECTS ON THE GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS

Seismic responses of weathered ridge model with various types of weathering materials/soils and thickness were simulated, using double-couple point shear dislocation sources to evaluate the significance of ridge-weathering effects on the ground motion characteristics. 2.5D finite difference modeling was adopted for simulating the ground motion using parsimonious staggered grid scheme. The analysis of responses of weathered and non-weathered ridge models reveals that surface waves were generated near the top of the ridge. The surface waves were not dominating on the top of the ridge but at some lower elevation. Results also revealed ground motion amplification with elevation. Maximum amplitude of ground displacement was observed on the top of the ridge, when it was not very much weathered, but the reverse was the case (surface waves were dominating near the base) when weathering velocity was more than three times lesser than the underlying rock. An important conclusion was drawn based on simulated results that the thickness of weathering in terms of wavelength (λ) play a vital role in the generation of very strong surface wave with long duration, i.e. when the thickness is equal to or more than λ/8. The decrease of weathering-velocity further increased the amplitude and duration of surfaces waves. On the other hand, surface waves caused by the ridge itself or by weathered materials having thickness less than λ/12 have amplitudes similar or somewhat more than the incoming waves and with much smaller duration. Therefore, special measure for weathering thickness and its velocity is recommended on the basis of simulated results during the construction of buildings on the ridge topography.