泉州湾宋代海船船木的盐分检测与分析

泉州湾宋代海船是我国七十年代发掘的海洋环境出土的古沉船,其早期保护未采取脱盐处理,目前船体已气干保存了近40年。为全面了解船木的含盐情况,我们对不同部位不同树种的船木样品中的盐分种类与数量进行检测与分析,结果表明:泉州宋船船木中含有的主要盐分是氯化钠、硫酸钙(石膏)与碳酸钙(方解石),没有普遍含有硫铁化合物。影响船木稳定性的主要盐分为氯化钠与含铁化合物。     

泉州湾宋代海船船体微生物群落结构多样性研究

泉州湾宋代海船于1974年发掘出土,是我国发掘的第一艘体量大,年代早的远洋贸易木帆船,也是研究我国古代海外交通史、对外贸易史、造船史等不可多得的实物资料,属于国家珍贵一级文物,具有重要的保护价值。作为国内乃至亚洲大型海洋出水木质文物保护的先例,泉州湾宋代海船经过多年来综合性保护修复和开放式展览,其船体的保存现状值得关注。 微生物是造成木材降解糟朽的重要生物因素之一。微生物对木材的危害主要是木腐菌、着色菌和霉菌等真菌以及一些能够分解纤维素的细菌引起的各种损害。因此,木质文物中微生物类群的解析是众多木质文物预防性保护的重要前期基础,也是微生物病害发生时针对性高效防护的重要保障。为了了解当前泉州湾宋代海船船体中微生物的种群及分布规律,本研究采集从船头到船舱及船尾组成的25个不同区域的样品,采用新一代高通量扩增子测序技术,分析了不同木材类型组成的船体微生物的类群及分布规律,并解析当前船体中是否存在对其潜在有害的致腐微生物类群。 微生物群落组成调查与分析结果表明,船体各个部位中存在稳定且丰富的微生物类群。尽管船体不同部位的细菌和真菌群落组成具有一定的差异性,但这种差异性与船体的木材类型和所处结构位置的关联性不显著。其中船体不同保存区域中存在的优势细菌种属为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)(13.65%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(6.88%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)(3.69%),优势真菌为枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)(12.26%)、假丝酵母菌属(Candida)(5.93%)和扁孔腔菌属(Lophiostoma)(5.66%)。本次检测分析发现的芽孢杆菌属、链球菌属、枝孢霉属和曲霉属均可降解木材纤维素,这些微生物在一定环境条件下生长爆发则会威胁船体的保存,具有一定的潜在隐患。因此,在后续该船体的保护中应该定期对船体进行微生物病害防治处理,严格控制船体的展存环境温湿度,以益于船体的长期保存。 本研究首次系统地解析泉州湾宋代海船船体各个部位的微生物群落结构组成,同时也对泉州海外交通史博物馆当前对该船体的开放式展览微生物病害风险进行评估,为后续该船体微生物病害的预防性保护工作提供重要的参考。     

泉州港的地理变迁与宋元时期的海外交通

泉州湾后渚港发现的一艘宋代木造海船,以及从船舱中出土的一批珍贵的历史文物,对于研究泉州港的海外交通、贸易史和泉州湾的地理变迁,都具有一定的价值。发掘出的这艘宋代海船,沉没在泉州湾后渚港西南海滩的一条小港道边缘,深埋在海滩2.10—2.30米的海泥中。     

最具中华文明意义百大考古发现(十一)

93.福建泉州宋元港与海船遗迹(宋至元)位于福建省泉州市。该港包括3湾11港。自北而南为泉州湾、深泸湾、围头湾。泉州湾中的洛阳、后渚、石湖三港为较大的商港,是宋元时期最重要的对外贸易港口,是中国海上丝绸之路具有标志意义的遗址。1973年,在后渚港发现一艘保存较完整的宋代海船,说明宋元时期的中国航海技术之发达,为泉州海外交通史的研究提供了实物资料。在泉州南门外和法石、后渚等地,常发现有古船的桅杆、船索、船板、船钉,以及石砌建筑基址和石塔等物。此外,礼拜堂、开     

泉州湾宋代海船保护40年回顾、现状与分析

泉州湾宋代海船的保护是我国上海洋出水大型古沉船保护的先例,具有自己的特点。泉州宋船使用先复原再经4年多缓慢自然阴干脱水的方式成功地保存了船体,而早期保护未脱盐及复原时使用大量铁钉给后期保存带来了严重破坏性后果。目前,船体经过40年的保护,整体结构基本稳定,但由于难以彻底解决早期保护遗留的问题,在开放式的保存条件下,其长期稳定保存难以实现。因此,综合现状与保护分析,从控制船体保存环境入手,尽可能抑制或延缓各种物理、化学与生物作用,是当前阻止船木继续劣变,延长船体寿命的最有效可行的途径。     

泉州湾打捞到两具古代大船锚

不久前,福建省泉州海外交通史博物馆在泉州湾水下考古调查中,先后打捞到两具罕见的古代大船锚。一具是四爪铁锚,这类锚直至今日我国和日本还继续使用;另一具是古代木帆船广泛使用的具有我国独特风格的双爪木碇。它们的发现,为研究造船和航海技术史提供了珍贵的实物资料。这是该馆继1974年泉州湾后渚宋代海船的发掘和1982年泉州湾法石古船的试掘之后又一重要考古     

“华光礁Ⅰ号”沉船木材降解评价及硫铁化合物分析

含有硫和铁化合物的有机材质文物在海洋长期浸泡过程中会受到生物、化学等方面的侵蚀,发掘出水后从低氧的海洋环境到有氧的空气,这些化合物就会变得不稳定,可能会引发文物化学劣化,从而降低有机质文物的机械稳定性。目前世界上打捞出水的古代沉船大多为木质有机质材料,最著名的就是瑞典斯德哥尔摩的"瓦萨(Vasa)"号和英国朴次茅斯"玛丽·玫瑰(Mary Rose)"号沉船,船体木材由于积累了海洋中硫酸盐还原菌转化的还原硫化合物以及来自船体腐蚀铁螺栓的铁离子(Ⅱ)从而劣化。据研究,数吨的还原态硫化物聚集在瑞典Vasa号战舰船身的木材中,280吨的船体中大约有2吨的硫或硫酸存在。中国"华光礁Ⅰ号"南宋沉船船货有大量铁器,制造船只的过程中又嵌入了大量铁钉用于加固船体,这些铁质物出水前后都会对木质船体形成隐患。为了对"华光礁Ⅰ号"沉船进行保护,根据实际情况选择一批样品对船体现状进行科学评估,为下一步制定保护方案提供依据。通过对"华光礁Ⅰ号"船体选取一定数量的样品分析其含水率,并通过红外光谱仪(FTIR)、离子色谱仪(IC)、元素分析仪、等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)、X射线衍射仪(XRD),分别对木材样品的分子结构变化、化学组分、离子含量、物相构成等进行分析,评估其现状情况。通过分析,发现"华光礁Ⅰ号"松木构件与正常现代松木含水率相比普遍较高,平均含水率为447.9%,与泉州湾宋代海船船体木材300%的含水率、宁波"小白礁Ⅰ号"船体木材210%含水率相比,"华光礁Ⅰ号"船体构件降解比较严重。"华光礁Ⅰ号"饱水考古木材1% NaOH的抽取物含量远高于现代木材,总纤维素平均含量仅占现代木材的27%,说明纤维素和半纤维素已被严重降解;木质素含量有所增加,灰分平均含量为现代松木的68倍。从红外光谱看出,"华光礁Ⅰ号"考古木材与现代松木相比木材化学成分和结构发生了变化,半纤维素严重流失,纤维素分子链有部分降解,分子链结晶结构遭到破坏。"华光礁Ⅰ号"木材浸泡液中硫酸根离子浓度较高。ICP测试结果中铁离子含量很高,说明木材内无机化合物中主要含铁,结合浸泡液较高的硫酸根浓度说明船体内铁硫化合物还没有清除干净。XRD结果证实表明了铁硫化合物黄铁矿(FeS_2)以及针铁矿、硫酸盐的在船体中的存在。相比于其他文献,本研究的"华光礁Ⅰ号"沉船是目前热带地区出水的文物,高温高盐的热带气候下海洋出水含硫铁化合物的木质文物的保护及保存都是一个挑战,也是一个崭新的课题。通过对"华光礁Ⅰ号"沉船构件现状进行的科学评估,沉船保存情况不容乐观,木材糟朽程度和破坏程度均非常严重,这是文物保护工作者必须面临和解决的关键问题。     

广东汕头市“南澳Ⅰ号”明代沉船木材的分析研究

为研究南澳I号明代船体木材的保存状况,选择对其部分木材S6隔舱板和尾舱板进行树种鉴定、含水率分析,并采用现代科学的分析手段对样品进行了形貌及化学组成等分析。研究表明:南澳I号S6隔舱板和尾舱板均为山茶科的荷木;目前其平均含水率为327.78%,而正常荷木的最大含水率只有68.26%;与正常木材的化学组分相比,综纤维素降低显著,而灰分、1%Na OH抽出物含量等都有一定程度提高;木材中溶出大量可溶盐,主要以Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO2-4等离子为主,总体来看各类离子的含量较高,其中,SO2-4含量最高。且含有较多硫铁化合物,主要成分为黄铁矿。总体分析表明,在海水中长期浸泡后,南澳I号木材中的纤维素等有机支撑体已经发生了严重降解,水和大量盐分充盈在细胞腔内,木船构件样品的基本密度显著降低。所以除了水浸泡除去可溶性盐之外,还要选择恰当的化学吸附剂对南澳I号木材进行脱硫工作。     

泉州湾宋代海船保存现状的调查研究

作为国内乃至亚洲大型海洋出水木质文物保护的先例,泉州湾宋代海船自出土至今已保存近40年,经过多年来综合性地保护修复,其保存现状值得关注。本文通过对古船保存环境、船体构件保存状况、船体病害、材质状况的调查分析,综合评估船体保存现状,分析影响古船稳定保存的主要因素,从而为后续的保护工作奠定基础。     

慈溪潮塘江元代沉船保存状态研究

慈溪潮塘江元代沉船是慈溪地区迄今发现并经科学发掘的第一艘古代沉船,船体结构保存较为完整,现存10道隔舱壁板。通过¹⁴C测年进一步确认沉船所属时代为元代(1271年—1368年)。在沉船船体70个监测点位采集样品,从树种类型、木材化学组分、硫铁元素含量以及微生物病害种类等多个角度开展检测研究,全面调查分析沉船病害情况。结果表明,慈溪潮塘江元代沉船木材样品整体保存状态较好,由于长期处于内河道埋藏环境,木材处于饱水状态,最大含水率主要集中分布于185%～400%之间,局部区域呈现变色、变形、扭曲、开裂现象,木材化学组分呈现低综纤维素、高灰分的特点,含有少量硫铁元素,属于中度腐蚀状态,亟待开展盐分脱除与填充加固等船体保护工作。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.