社会公正的内涵分析

公正是一个古老的话题,古今中外的学者从各个角度论述了公正的内涵,结合当代中国的现实,笔者认为,真正的公正应是一个综合性范畴,是一个相对的概念,属于社会意识范畴,具有主观性又具有客观性。     

社会公正与社会主义制度文明

社会公正是人类社会文明程度的重要评价标准,也是社会主义制度的首要价值。伴随着我国经济社会的快速发展和社会的急剧转型,社会公正问题日益凸显,并成为在新的历史起点上全面深化改革必须深入调查研究的重大问题。作为马克思主义执政党。我们党必须将社会公正作为加强社会主义制度文明建设的首要价值标准,纳入到执政理念之中,融进制度完善过程,贯穿到百姓生活全域。     

实现行政公正的政府责任

在实现行政公正过程中,为维护行政相对人的利益,作为行政主体的、政府应该承担一定的责任,包括通过行政立法、行政执法、行政司法等确立行政公正的标准并通过行政执法实现行政公正,在行政不公正时通过司法恢复公正。以上都是政府的自律,而当在政府内部不能实现行政公正时,则需要敢府的他律,需要立法监督、司法监督、行政相对人及社会力量的监督。充分发挥政府的自律与他律,并对目前的机制进行一定的完善,才能使政府在行政公正中的责任得到真正实现。     

社会公正:化解社会风险的根本出路

科学认识当前中国所面临的社会风险,对于构建和谐社会具有重要指导意义。社会公正在一定程度上的缺位是改革开放以来中国社会的一个重要特征,也是当前中国所面临社会风险的深层次原因。社会公正的实现,既是化解社会风险的根本出路,也是构建和谐社会的根本保证。     

论制度公正与社会价值信仰

制度公正和社会价值信仰问题都是近年来理论界关注的问题。公正是社会制度的首要价值,制度正义本身就蕴含了一定的社会价值信仰。而制度正义还需要程序正义的支持,实现实质正义。只有实现了实质正义,符合人民的利益要求,社会价值信仰才能提高。社会价值信仰是民族生存的精神支柱,是人的本质、社会共同体生存、主流意识形态的必然要求。社会价值信仰是实现制度公正的背景、动力,二者是在相互作用中推动历史前进的步伐。     

政治的要义是社会公正

经济发展了,但多数财富被少数人的阶层占有了,乃是政治所患     

程序公正与实体公正之抉择——对“佘祥林案”和“辛普森案”的对比分析

程序公正与实体公正是诉讼程序的两个重要价值诉求。辛普森被无罪开释的原因在于美国注重程序公正,佘祥林被冤枉的原因在于中国"重实体、轻程序"的司法理念。强调程序优先会使放纵犯罪分子的可能性提高,但至少实现了程序上的正义;强调实体优先不必然实现实体公正,甚至易导致冤假错案,结果是程序正义和实体正义均可能得不到实现。在实体公正和程序公正的两难抉择中,程序公正第一、实体公正第二的司法理念理应被我国采纳。     

新区域经营观的空间体系价值统一规划理念——我的区域规划社会公正观

依据"新社会经济发展的公正理念"首议的"新区域经营"管理思想,从空间公正角度创立了将其耦合到区域发展规划的系统理念。当代人文社会科学与区域学科出现了"社会公正"转向探讨的系列"新"前沿理念。地理学提出了新人文地理学逻辑,社会行政的公共管理也提出了新公共管理逻辑。将空间公正与社会公正耦合到区域生活空间单元体系,为此"新区域经营"提出了"社会与区域价值统一"的原理。论文以新人文地理学的"社会生活空间质量观"为基础,阐述了"空间体系价值统一规划"机理、原则与控制性路径;其次,论证了其构建的价值体系响应及构成因素响应结构;最后,论述了新区域经营观对生活质量价值统一的两个层次控制规划规则与路径。     

城市社会区域体系结构公正配置的空间控制原理与路径

从现代人本主义思维出发,以城市社会地理学原理,即从社会空间结构与社区规划角度,探讨城市居民的生活空间的质量构成,体现在城市要满足各阶层居民(社会)生活的空间结构上。而城市(社会)生活的空间结构的健全与否取决于生活空间行为的社区体系与场所体系的空间构成上。主要体现在居民以居住为主的生活行为对立的居舍类型的可获性上。由此,不同阶层居舍类型体系是城市(社会)生活空间质量的区域基础,其空间分布类型的可获性决定对应阶层人群能否获得以居舍为主的生活空间。本文首次从居民选择居住地行为规律以及形成的城市居舍类型空间结构演化的理念下论及城市社会区域空间体系公正配置与空间控制原理。     

论冷战初期美国对尼泊尔的援助计划——“罗斯计划”

1947年美国与尼泊尔正式建交.1951年美国正式启动对尼援助计划,并成为第一个向尼泊尔提供援助的国家.冷战初期,美国对尼发展援助项目主要集中在农业方面,而对尼援助的根本目的就是维护非共产党势力掌权,避免尼泊尔倒向社会主义阵营.但是,受制于诸多原因,该计划的实施不是很成功.     

Race,Waste, and Space: Brownfield Redevelopment and Environmental Justice at the Hunters Point Shipyard

This paper advances the concept of “waste formations” as a way of thinking together processes of race, space, and waste in brownfield redevelopment projects. Defined as formerly industrial and contaminated properties, in the 1990s brownfields emerged as the grounds for new forms of urbanization and an emerging environmental remediation industry. Through their redevelopment, the twentieth century's urban wastelands—environmentally degraded, economically divested, and often racially marked—have become sites of investment, resignification, and value formation. The concept of waste formations provides a critical framework on the ways these socio‐ecological transformations rework twentieth century urban inequalities—in particular, the articulation of waste and toxic waste—and the ways they produce new geographies of environmental injustice through the displacement of toxic waste to newly waste‐able spaces. This paper develops an analytic of waste formations and applies it to the process of brownfield redevelopment at the Hunters Point Shipyard in southeast San Francisco.     

From Urban Social Space to Social and Environmental Justice: Observations on Laurence Ma's Essay

A senior American specialist on China and noted geographer evaluates the merits of an essay by an equally prominent specialist who advocates reflexive activism as a method designed to generate more relevant studies of the country. The author of the evaluation stresses the value of empirically based work, noting a number of contributions by geographers to the study of China's transition from doctrinaire communism to "socialism with Chinese characteristics." While not denying the need for geographical research focused on deficiencies in social and environmental justice, he is not in favor of excessive activism that may overlook advances in economic development and related accomplishments of China's governing regime. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P30. 24 references.     

From China's Urban Social Space to Social and Environmental Justice

A senior American specialist on China and noted geographer argues that the preoccupation of China geographers' with empirical analyses of that country's dramatic economic, social, and urban transformation over the last two decades—usually explained in terms of the now familiar quadruple forces of globalization, marketization, deregulation, and decentralization—should be broadened to reflect a concern for the problems of disadvantaged groups impacted negatively in dynamic urban and environmental settings. The methodology of reflexive activism is proposed as affording a framework for a more relevant geography focused on the study of China, with the potential to bring about positive and constructive change on behalf of China's disadvantaged population and its natural environment, and (as a possible side benefit) generate local epistemologies enriching the study of geography more broadly. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P30. 68 references.     

Assembling Justice Spaces: The Scalar Politics of Environmental Justice in North-east England

Abstract:  In contrast to the US environmental justice movement, which has been successful in building a networked environmentalism that recognises—and has impacted upon—national patterns of distributional (in)equalities, campaigns in the UK have rarely developed beyond the local or articulated a coherent programme of action that links to wider socio-spatial justice issues or effects real changes in the regulatory or political environment. Our purpose in this paper is to extend research which explores the spatial politics of mobilisation, by attending to the multi-scalar dynamics embedded in the enactment of environmental justice (EJ) in north-east England. It is an approach that is indebted to recent work on the scalar politics of EJ, and also to the network ideas associated with actor-network theory (ANT)-inspired research on human–nature relations. Our account provides preliminary reflections on the potential for an "assemblage" perspective which draws together people, texts, machines, animals, devices and discourses in relations that collectively constitute—and scale—EJ. To conclude, and building upon this approach, we suggest future research avenues that we believe present a promising agenda for critical engagement with the production, scaling and politics of environmental (in)justice.     

Conveyor‐Belt Justice: Precarity,Access to Justice,and Uneven Geographies of Legal Aid in UK Asylum Appeals

Ongoing government funding cuts to British legal aid have resulted in the formation of legal deserts and uneven geographies of access to advice and legal representation. Asylum seekers, particularly those subjected to no‐choice dispersal throughout the UK for housing, are enduring the impact of these cuts directly. This paper explores the spatial and legal marginalisation of asylum seekers, drawing upon the findings of a three‐year study of the asylum appeals process. Already precarious, we analyse the manifold spatial marginalisation of dispersed asylum seekers from sources of legal advice and representation. We identify the frames of luck, uncertainty and dislocation as ways to further a spatially cognisant understanding of precarity, alongside identifying strategies employed to counter precarious positionalities.     

Beyond Distribution and Proximity: Exploring the Multiple Spatialities of Environmental Justice

Abstract:  Over the last decade the scope of the socio-environmental concerns included within an environmental justice framing has broadened and theoretical understandings of what defines and constitutes environmental injustice have diversified. This paper argues that this substantive and theoretical pluralism has implications for geographical inquiry and analysis, meaning that multiple forms of spatiality are entering our understanding of what it is that substantiates claims of environmental injustice in different contexts. In this light the simple geographies and spatial forms evident in much "first-generation" environmental justice research are proving insufficient. Instead a richer, multidimensional understanding of the different ways in which environmental justice and space are co-constituted is needed. This argument is developed by analysing a diversity of examples of socio-environmental concerns within a framework of three different notions of justice—as distribution, recognition and procedure. Implications for the strategies of environmental justice activism for the globalisation of the environmental justice frame and for future geographical research are considered.     

These Bars Can't Hold Us Back: Plowing Incarcerated Geographies with Restorative Food Justice

Mass incarceration entrenches racial and class inequality and segregation. Before, during, and after low‐income people of color enter prison, they experience a range of barriers and biases that make it difficult to break out of the prison pipeline. This article investigates food justice and restorative justice activists in Oakland, California who are intervening at the point of reentry. I argue for the significance of teasing out the connections between food and carceral politics as a way to expand the practice and understanding of food justice. Specifically, I show how the incarcerated geographies of former prisoners, that is, perspectives and experiences that result due to the prison pipeline, motivate the formation of a restorative food justice. The associated healing and mutual aid practices increase social equity by creating spaces to overcome the historical trauma of mass incarceration, produce living wage jobs, rearticulate relationships to food and land, and achieve policy reforms.     

Rough Justice: Lars von Trier's Dogville and Manderlay and the Book of Amos

Abstract

In his films Dogville and Manderlay, Lars von Trier offers an account of divine justice which has paradoxically offended humanists but has struck a chord with some Christian theologians. This paper seeks to show that the account of divine justice in the book of Amos and in the Hebrew Bible more generally is illuminated by juxtaposition with von Trier's work. Importantly, however, the two films cited have to be seen as part of a uncompleted trilogy which means that the criticisms directed at von Trier on the basis of the first film alone need to be reassessed in the light of the second. Key issues that emerge are the relationship between individual and communal guilt and the arrogance involved both in judging and not judging others. Justice is not to be equated with law or individual deserts in either Von Trier or Amos but is more closely related to the inevitable restoration of balance in a natural system. Such justice is rough—both approximate and violent—but arrogant attempts to mitigate that roughness almost always end up with even more approximate and violent results.     

Hungry for Justice: Social Mobilization on the Right to Food in India

This article explores the potential and limits of contemporary economic rights‐based social activism by analysing an ongoing ‘Right to Food Campaign’ in India. While social movement theory often positions radical and reform strategies as alternatives, the RTF campaign has adopted a hybrid strategy: it has made a radical legal demand that the right to food be recognized as intrinsic to the right to life, while seeking implementation of this right through reform of existing government feeding programmes. The campaign's dual strategy reflects two distinct logics of human rights: a logic of non‐derogable rights that are immediately actionable (such as the right to life) and a logic of progressive implementation of rights that can only be realized fully over time (such as economic rights). This article draws on original data to demonstrate that the campaign's radical legal demands framed around the non‐derogable right to life have come closer to fulfilment than its reformist demands around progressive implementation. The RTF campaign's relative success in galvanizing legal action on hunger is tempered by ongoing challenges in sustaining grassroots‐level mobilization and influencing public policy implementation.