“品位—职位”视角中的传统官阶制五期演化

本文揭著“品位分等”和“职位分等”概念 ,对传统官阶制演变大势 ,尝试提出一个五阶段的分期 :先秦的爵级命数具有浓厚的“品位分等”色彩 ;秦汉“若干石”构成的禄秩等级具有附丽于职位的鲜明特征 ;魏晋南北朝的中正品、大量品位性官衔和涉及士庶清浊的选例 ,形成“品位分等”的一个高峰 ;唐宋的阶官制度呈现为又一种“品位分等” ;明清时的品级制则又出现了向“职位分等”的一定回归。以上变迁与官僚群体的“自利取向”和“服务取向”的此消彼长密切相关。     

独树一帜的制度史研究——阎步克先生《品位与职位》、《从爵本位到官本位》评介

阎步克先生所著《品位与职位》《从爵本位到官本位》,以传统的官僚等级制度——官阶为研究对象,以"品位—职位"和"品位结构"为观察视角,展现了中国古代官阶三千年的阶段性变迁。作者立足于制度史主体的研究立场,运用结构—功能分析法,揭示了政治史主体关照下所忽略的制度的结构性变迁,透视了官僚政治的变迁和中国古代社会的基本特征。在此基础上形成的文明连续性史观,因容纳了"变态—回归"、"断裂—升级"的曲折发展而更加丰满,超越了停滞论、分期论和变革论。这两部著作在具体的制度研究、研究视角、研究方法、历史观等方面,都有突出的推进。     

阎步克《乐师与史官——传统政治文化与政治制度论集》出版

阎步克《乐师与史官———传统政治文化与政治制度论集》一书于 2 0 0 1年 7月由三联书店出版。全书 33万多字 ,是作者近年来研究传统政治文化与政治制度的结集。作者以乐师和史官两个子系统为切入点 ,揭示了早期中华文化演进中的一条重大线索 ,为官僚政治点出了一个序曲 ,同时也对汉末至南北朝一些重要政治文化现象进行了论述。对官僚等级制在隋唐前从禄秩向官品的发展 ,作者在品位与职位的大框架下 ,摸清了先秦至汉代禄秩的演变 ,细致辨析了北朝至隋的军号、散官制度 ,并对南北源流问题予以补充。全书考辨细密 ,见微知著 ,对相关研究加深…     

考古学与民族学视野中的酋邦

“酋邦”这个术语是用来研究非国家社会的社会复杂化。尽管进化类型学受到尖锐的批判,但酋邦概念和相关阐述为理解集中决策等级制和社会不平等发展的演化比较研究提供了一个框架。在过去十年间,我们对酋邦的理解因大量历史学和考古学研究而发生了根本的改变。研究方式已经不再是将社会分类为酋邦与否,而是转而考量可见变化的原因。     

分等分类视角中的汉、唐冠服体制变迁

所谓中国古代"冠服体制"的变迁,主要是指其分等分类样式及其在历代的变化.根据研究需要可以将其设定为"自然分类"、"职事分类"、"场合分等"、"级别分等"等概念,以此为工具来分析历朝冠服及服饰元素的不同排列组合样式以及冠服体制的表述形式.其结论是:周朝冠服体制特点,主要是"自然分类"和"级别分等"的结合.汉代冠服体制的特点,是其"自然分类"和"职事分类"相对突出;其时冠服的分类功能强于前朝后世,其分等功能弱于前朝后世.魏晋以后,冠服体制的重心日益向"级别分等"和"场合分等"偏转,服饰元素的等级规划日趋繁密.越是到历史后期,冠服之分等的功能越强.对上述变化的原因及意义,由此种视角的研究可以提供初步的解释.     

四川省地级市土地分等研究

文章采用城镇土地分等的技术思路,以四川省18个地级市(阿坝藏族羌族自治州、甘孜藏族自治州及凉山彝族自治州除外)为研究样本,运用文献统计法并结合了四川省实际情况而选取了4类因素32个指标,同时,通过熵值法确定了各项指标的权重,从而计算出各地级市的分值.然后,通过SPSS16.0软件将其分等,并运用GeoDa软件对其结果进行验证,二者分等结果一致.最后,对分等结果定为4个等别,并进行分析,发现个地级市土地等别与其区域经济发展情况成正相关,并提出了土地分等相关建议.     

魏晋南朝时期的秩级

自官品出现之初,秩级和官品便不对应,终魏晋南朝之世一直如此,并且秩级逐步简化,到陈时仅剩8个秩级。魏晋南朝时期,秩级与官品是并行不悖的两个系列,秩级来源于先秦的稍食和月俸,与职务的繁简、职责的轻重相联系,具有职位分等的色彩,叙定同一系统内的职位等级;官品来源于汉代的朝位制度,具有品位分等的色彩,叙定官员身份地位的高下,规定官员所享有的权利或特权。二者相互结合,共同叙定同一部门内职位和官员身份的高低。魏晋南朝官员的俸禄与具体的职位相联系,既与秩级和官品有关,也与职类有关,没有一个皆准的规律。     

清代政区分等与官僚资源调配的量化分析

清代以"冲繁疲难"四字对政区进行分等,并依据各府厅州县所占字数的不同将其划分为最要缺、要缺、中缺、简缺,分别将其选任权力交予地方督抚与吏部。通过对"冲繁疲难"及"最要缺""要缺""中缺""简缺"分别予以制度梳理、量化统计、GIS分析,可以看到清朝如何将千差万别的地理状况按照"冲繁疲难"四字予以标准化,作为替代性指标反映各地交通位置、行政事务、赋税征收、地方治安的空间差异,有针对性地依据治理难度来调配有限的官僚资源,包括在大一统体制下有意擢升边疆地区的级别以吸引行政能力更强的官员前往赴任。本文通过对新建立的《缙绅录》量化数据库中数百万清朝官员信息数据的追踪,进一步探究了政区分等如何影响到官员的出身、选任以及晋升,为理解当代中国官员选拔制度提供了长时段的观察视角。     

河南鹿邑获“中国老子文化之乡”称号

中国民间文艺家协会近日正式命名河南省鹿邑县为“中国老子文化之乡”,并将在鹿邑建立中国老子文化研究中心。’这是老子故里赢得的第一个国家级文化品牌,对于提升老子文化开发的层次和品位,促进周口、鹿邑文化产业、旅游产业的发展将起着重要作用。     

《说文解字》中“示部”字的文化研究

自《说文解字》问世以来,一直对后世产生影响。文章通过简单介绍《说文解字》体例,并结合前人对“示”部六十七字分类解析,对“示”部六十七字重新分等划分,并通过分类汇总,对“示部”字背后的文化意义深入探讨。前人对“示部”字研究,多从历时角度,以祭祀为线,集中展示了祭祀文化由原始宗教行为向伦理化与世俗化发展。“示部”字研究至今,近乎所有学术研究只探究祭祀文化,注重先民对“神”产生的行为特点。而“神”是怎么产生的,“神”是如何对古代先民进行反馈,古代先民又是如何解读所谓“神”表现出的征兆?针对此三点,从共时角度出发,以探究小篆形成之前这一阶段的文化特点,不止局限于祭祀文化,同时对“神”的概念认知以及吉凶文化进行探讨。     

Applying the technique of image classification to climate science: the case of Andalusia (Spain)

This paper proposes an empirical climate classification method based on the application of multivariate statistics. In this method, the technique of supervised and unsupervised image classification is used to classify the data and define climatic units. envi software is used to perform the image classification, specifically, the Iterative Self‐Organizing Data Analysis Technique algorithm. Supervised classification is also applied based on reference variables, fundamental parameters and a classifier. The obtained results display greater objectivity, reliability, operability, accessibility and reproducibility than previous climate classifications devised for the region of Andalusia (Spain), taking into account that these previous classifications were not based on quantitative criteria.     

Bridging the Gap: Classification,Theory and Practice in Public Archaeology

Models and classifications have been a part of thinking about public archaeology since at least the early 2000s, but how are these ideas translated into practice? By looking into the development of such classifications and models and by examining archaeologists’ attitudes to an archaeological education outreach project for schoolchildren in Oslo, Norway, this paper looks at the relationship between classification, theory, and practice in public archaeology.     

论美国文官群体的历史演变

19世纪80年代以来,随着美国历史的发展,以文官制度的逐步完善为契机,文官群体的政治角色、经济地位、价值观念以及社会影响都发生了很大的变化,逐步朝着成为美国社会中的一个独立阶层的方向发展。首先,从"政治附庸"发展到"行政主管",文官群体的政治角色发生转换,其政治势力得以迅速膨胀;其次,从收入菲薄到待遇优厚,文官群体的经济地位得到提升,政府的财政负担也随之加重;再次,从"官本位"发展到"权本位",文官群体形成了带有现代官僚特征的价值取向,同时也开始蜕变为一个有人格缺失的群体;最后,从声名狼藉到公众认可,文官群体不仅扩大了社会影响,而且也在新的层面上形成了真正的官僚主义。     

The preservationist paradox: modernism, environmentalism and the politics of spatial division

According to Bruno Latour, the imposition of crude classificatory schemes onto complex entities has two main effects: firstly, the classifications lead social actors to sift the world into the schemes' simple categories; secondly, underlying relations subvert the schemes' functioning, resulting in the production of transgressive 'hybrids'. Thus, classification and relation interact and this interaction shapes both the practice of classification and the world that is classified. In this paper, we examine the interaction between a scheme of spatial classification and the spaces that are enrolled within the scheme. We show that a division between urban and rural areas was put in place in post-war England in order to protect a 'vulnerable' rural nature from urban advance. However, as soon as it was imposed, this division was transgressed by complex socio-economic processes. We assess the response to this transgression by considering the activities of the Council for the Protection of Rural England (CPRE), an environmental group that played some considerable part in constructing the urban–rural divide in the first place. We show that the CPRE has responded to the 'paradox of preservationism' by placing urban–rural divisions in the context of 'ecological' relationships. We illustrate this 'ecologization' of the modernist divide using the example of housing and we argue that the CPRE's ecological approach illustrates how a new alignment between 'urban' and 'rural' may herald a new and more sophisticated form of spatial classification.     

A Transformed Triangle: Court, Congress, and Presidency in Civil Rights

The relative permeability of the three elements of a triangle-the Supreme Court, Congress, and the president-to civil rights interest groups has varied over time. For almost two decades after World War II, the Supreme Court was the groups' preferred arena because Congress was resistant and presidents could thus do little or were hesitant to act. For a brief time in the mid-1960s the president and Congress became supportive of civil rights groups' claims while the Court also remained accessible. Starting in the late 1960s executive and legislative support for civil rights moderated, with presidential support declining significantly in the 1980s. When the Supreme Court adopted that latter stance, Congress became the body through which to protect civil rights by reversing the Court's decisions. In this examination of the "transformed triangle" in civil rights policymaking, we look at this change over time and at "flip-flops" in litigation as one administration changes the position espoused by its predecessor, and we also give some attention to the Supreme Court's response to congressional reversal of its rulings.     

浅论中国传统建筑装饰的等级特征

由于传统化的影响,中国传统建筑等级森严,建筑装饰从屋顶到墙壁,从门窗到陈设,都有严格的规定。     

American civil–military relations today: the continuing relevance of Samuel P. Huntington's The soldier and the state

Fifty‐five years after it was first published, Samuel Huntington's The soldier and the state remains an essential starting point for serious discussions of American civil–military relations. In part this is due to the boldness and ambition of the author. Huntington brought theory to a research area that had suffered from too little theorizing and then went on to formulate concepts that scholars and practitioners of civil–military relations still find useful. These include: the conceptualization of the military as a profession; the articulation of the two central forces shaping the nature of military institutions as the functional and the societal imperatives; and the formulation of subjective and objective control as the two main patterns of civilian control. This review article briefly revisits these concepts and argues that they retain utility in illuminating important issues in American civil–military relations today. It also argues, however, that Huntington's contributions were productive but not perfect. Some of his specific definitions, such as the content of military expertise, are debatable. Some of his central concerns, such as whether the United States could sustain a strong military over an extended period of time, are no longer central today. Finally, in some places the literature has moved beyond what Huntington offered. The best example is the ongoing debate over how the country's political leaders and its most senior military officers should interact. It is precisely on this point that Huntington's objective control is the weakest. While The soldier and the state certainly does not deserve uncritical acceptance, it does continue to merit a fair hearing. Current discussions of American civil–military relations are likely to be more reasonable and productive if Huntington is given a voice.     

试析萧梁官班制度下的诸县分等

分析萧梁一代县官选任和调动案例可知,“县制七班”“大县六班”是当时客观存在的制度。但在制度的实际运行过程中,许多县官都会出现超班用人,即任职者官资超过县官对应内职班次的现象。正史所见高班大县全部位于扬、南徐二州境内,且主要隶属南朝国家腹心地区的丹阳、吴、吴兴、会稽等郡,这与史书记事的偏向性不无关系,但同时也是上述地区政治地理条件的直观反映。影响县官班次的最主要因素是人口,结合其他制度推测,等第最高的六班大县有可能是以领民满五千户为定等标准。探索县官班次,也可增进对当时人口地理的认知。     

Regional skill relatedness: towards a new measure of regional related diversification

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a novel index of regional skill-relatedness and calculates this measure for all Norwegian labour-market regions. Studies of regional related diversification rely on measures of related variety, which build on the industry classification hierarchy. However, the growing literature identifying similarities in knowledge and competences across industries demonstrates that these classifications fail to identify a great deal of actual skill relatedness, and that measures based on empirical measures of industry relatedness are required. The skill relatedness measure builds on labour mobility flows across industries to develop a relatedness matrix for Norwegian industries. It further uses social network analysis to identify the number of other regional industries to which each industry in a particular region is related. Comparing this measure to the related variety index, the analysis shows that the two measures are highly correlated, but that the regional skill relatedness index is able to identify more of the relatedness across industries. In particular, the related variety index tends to underestimate the level of relatedness in many of Norway’s most technologically sophisticated manufacturing regions, whereas these rank highly in the regional skill relatedness index. Consequently, the regional skill relatedness index represents a promising new tool for identifying relatedness in regional systems.