Factors affecting female age at marriage in South Asia

In contrast to East and South-east Asia, changes in marriage patterns have played a small role in reducing fertility in South Asia. While age at marriage for women has risen, it remains early, with the exception of Sri Lanka, and change has been slow. Except in Sri Lanka, the region has shown few signs that there will be a sizable population that will never marry. South Asia's marriage patterns reflect its cultural context and lesser socio-economic change but their precise effect is not simple or always predictable. The paper examines these issues in Bangladesh, where age at marriage is very early, and Sri Lanka, where it is much later. The study areas, Dhaka city and south-western Sri Lanka, are ones of great economic and social change. A particular examination is made of the way in which changes in the arrangement of marriage affect age at marriage.     

工业化前中英乡村借贷比较研究

工业化前中国与英国乡村经济中普遍存在着经常性的借贷活动 ,乡村借贷成为农村经济中不可或缺的要素。然而 ,它们历史背景、表现方式、发展状况、功能流向多有不同 ,2 0世纪上半叶中国农村为生存而借贷的传统高利贷市场 ,与工业革命前英国乡村为投资生产而借贷的现代信贷市场形成了鲜明对照。这从一个侧面反映了工业化前中英乡村社会转型的实况     

Trends and Implications of Delayed and Non-Marriage in Korea

Korea has experienced marital transition since the 1920s, but recent data reveal rapid changes in marital behaviour and norms. Analysts usually relate these to the second fertility transition, fast growing gender equality, economic developments, and ideational changes, pointing to the necessity of understanding the process of change in marital behaviour in the context of societal transformation as well as demographic transition. With this background in mind, this paper constructs refined measures, such as age-specific first marriage rates and total first marriage rates, for different time periods and for different cohorts to present a clearer picture of marriage trends. The results are then examined in relation to various social and demographic factors, a procedure which provides an indirect check on the validity and usefulness of the method.     

旅游企业的信用问题及其治理对策

本分析我国旅游企业的信用现状中存在的问题,并提出治理对策。     

近代早期英国商人的婚姻取向及其影响

近代早期是英国由农本而重商的转型时期．商人日益成为社会经济舞台的重要角色。商人的社会地位和作用的变迁,不仅与其所处的时代和社会环境密切相关,而且与其婚姻取向以及由此而来的婚姻关系密不可分。商人阶层内部以及商人与其他社会阶层特别是贵族、乡绅之间的通婚,无论对商人个体抑或群体都具有重要意义。     

Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.     

新中国图书出版的政府监管

建国之初,中央政府确定了中国图书出版业的计划管理体制,全面确立并构建了计划经济下图书出版业成长的基本框架;“文化大革命”的10年动乱,使图书出版事业受到了极大的破坏和摧残。改革开放以后,为适应社会主义市场经济发展的要求,我国政府逐步推行了出版管理体制和经营体制的改革,在一定程度上增强了出版单位自主经营和自我发展能力。同时,出版单位也普遍建立了以提高出版物质量为中心的多种形式的目标责任制。出版机构虽然经历了由机关而事业单位、由事业单位而事业单位企业化管理,进而初步融入市场经济的发展进程,但从总体上来看,出版业仍是属于特殊监管下的行业。随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展,面对各种挑战和问题,深化图书出版监管的改革势在必行。     

《诗》篇新证

传统《诗经》研究,由于局限于材料,往往在名物训诂、义理文意等问题上各持一端,纠缠不清。但随着考古学与古文字学的发展,将新出土材料与传统文献结合,进行整合性研究的条件已经具备。在此基础上,运用“二重证据法”,分别针对《诗·叔于田》的诗序;《诗·大叔于田》的成诗年代;以及《诗·大叔于田》、《诗·小戎》等诗篇中的具体问题,结合历史背景,驳斥前论谬说,梳理诗中名物,还原诗旨文意,以求做到实物与诗互证、诗与史相映。     

新时期音韵古籍整理的简要回顾与思考

新时期音韵古籍整理取得了丰硕的成果．但不可回避的事实是,也存在着不足与缺憾。就当前来看,编制整理规划、编写《汉语古今字音总汇》、调查已佚音韵古籍,影印罕见音韵古籍,以及总结音韵古籍整理理论、培养人才等是刻不容缓的工作。     

《列子》伪书说述评

历代陈陈相因的“伪书说”已经成为研究《列子》的严重障碍。“伪书说”不少,但实际上,这些“伪书说”有几个因循的关节性问题。而在这些问题上历代的“伪书说”在态度和方法上却存在诸多缺陷。我们应该用正确的态度来对待“伪书说”和《列子》。     

The persistence of white ethnicity in New England politics

There was a consensus among earlier students of New England politics that the political influence of European ancestry was fading by the latter half of the 20th century. We examine this proposition in recent times by exploring the role of ethnic ancestry in explaining the political divide in the region's presidential voting in over 1500 New England towns. Contrary to earlier predictions, ethnic origin does retain some explanatory power in models of recent voting behavior, and ethnic cleavages have not been entirely replaced by economic divisions in the electorate. Although the settlement patterns of the more established and numerous nationality groups (i.e. Irish and Italians) are less associated with partisanship than they were 50 years ago, the political salience of white ethnicity persists, suggesting that ethnic groups do not simply dealign or politically “assimilate” over time. Some groups maintain a strong identity in spite of upward mobility because movement from city to suburbs is selected not just on housing, income or school characteristics, as is usually the case, but on ethnicity too. Towns with significant concentrations of specific European ancestry groups lean Republican, even after we have accounted for the presence of other sources of political leaning and past voting tendencies, while Democratic attachments are undeniably strong in towns where the newer immigrant groups have settled. The “new ethnicity” (i.e. racial minorities) and the “old ethnicity” (i.e. white ethnics) clearly carry distinct political implications for this region's presidential politics.     

《孔子诗论》二则试析

《上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书·孔子诗论》第九简反映孔子对德的崇尚。第二十六简则见出孔子 反对隐逸。     

清代前期账局、放账铺研究--以五种账局、放账铺清单的解读为中心

清代前期不但有资本规模较大,主要针对商号及官员放贷的大账局,也有资本规模较小,可能针对小商人、小手工业者甚至地主农民放贷的放账铺。至少从乾隆年间开始,账局、放账铺已经比较普遍地运用合伙制的方式筹措资本。账局的重要业务之一就是对官员放京债,这种放贷利率高、数额大,但风险也甚高。与此同时,账局也开始大规模地对商号商人放贷,每家较大型的账局至少可能对三十至五十家以上的商号放贷,放贷数额常到一千两以上,最少也有一百两。这种放贷,直至道光年间还很兴盛。账局、放账铺已经具有了商业银行的功能,但是否够得上商业银行,还须进一步探讨。     

建国初期国家农贷的历史考察——以中南区为中心

国家银行业务在农村的延伸是新中国乡村借贷关系转型和现代化的标志之一。建国初期,为了活跃农村金融,促进农村经济的恢复与发展,国家大力举办了农贷。这一时期,国家农贷在规模上是逐年增加的,在发放对象上倾向照顾农村合作经济组织和广大贫困农民,在贷款利率上有逐年下降的趋势,在贷款用途上绝大部分是为了解决农民的生产困难。总体上看,国家农贷作为建国初期人民政府扶持和发展农村经济的重要措施之一,对当时农民的生产经营和农村经济的发展发挥了重要作用,但也存在一定的缺陷和不足。