日本前近代史视野下的环境史研究

随着20世纪六七十年代欧美兴起环境史研究以后,日本史学界的环境史研究也日渐兴盛。日本史学界对环境史定义的认识,是通过不断的摸索和讨论而逐渐明确化的。目前,有关环境史是探究人类与自然相互影响的关系史的定义,在其学界得到广泛的认同。日本前近代史视野下的环境史的研究视角,多集中在社会经济史、灾害史和心性史三大视域;研究方法也不仅是历史学的实证主义,而且还引入考古学、地理学、社会学、民俗学、生态学等其他学科的方法。虽然日本史学界的环境史研究取得了显著的成果,但是尚不具备独立成"学"的独特视角和方法论。     

面对全球史的中国史研究

全球史 (global history)兴起于20世纪下半叶,目前已经成为世界上最有影响的史学流派之一。自从20世纪八九十年代全球史传入中国以后,在中国史学界也引起巨大反响,近年来有越来越多的学者开始关注全球史,并有一些学者开始尝试借鉴全球史的理念与方法来研究历史,     

全球环境史在美国的兴起及其意义

全球环境史探讨生态环境因素在洲际、甚至全球范围内对人类历史的影响.全球环境史研究的兴起,与环境问题的全球化有密切关系,是全球史和环境史两个领域相互融合的结果,它还受到近年来兴起的“大历史”这一新兴研究领域的推动.自20世纪70年代以来,全球环境史研究在克罗斯比和约翰·麦克尼尔等学者的努力下,取得了明显进展.全球环境史有助于从整体上揭示环境对人类的影响,为史学研究提供了一种新的视角,扩展了史学的研究范围,有助于克服西欧中心论和人类中心论,深化对历史的认识.与此同时,全球环境史的发展又面临着多方面的挑战.     

历史学的“动物转向”与“后人类史学”

动物史是20世纪80年代出现的史学新领域,被认为是新文化史出现之后的又一重要研究领域,史学史学者将其看作历史学上的"动物转向",动物在这一学术领域中成为被关注的重点,动物对人类社会发展的重要作用被不断彰显。动物史认为人和动物共同创造了人类历史,也共享自然和社会空间。动物史的起源和发展既有学术发展的内在理路,即社会史和文化史的延伸,也有深受左翼社会思潮和运动影响的外缘因素,动物权利保护运动,以及随之兴起的左翼批判理论在动物史的兴起过程中扮演了至关重要的角色。历史学的"动物转向"对于去人类中心主义意义重大,开辟了"后人类史学"的新路径。     

社会政治与历史书写的互动——美国同性恋史研究的发展与思考

20世纪70年代,美国的同性恋史研究在社会运动和史学变迁的双重影响下诞生。同性恋解放运动促使同性恋群体探寻自身的历史,这为同性恋史学的兴起提供了外部条件。与此同时,美国史学的研究对象扩大至底层和边缘群体,研究主题也不断拓宽,社会史和女性史的兴盛以及性存在史的成熟,为同性恋史兴起提供了史学发展的内部动力。同性恋社群和史学界共同参与了同性恋史的书写。同性恋社群推动了同性恋史基本文献和档案项目的发展;专业史学在此基础上以重建集体经历为目标发展成熟,并逐渐融入美国的主流历史叙事之中。美国同性恋史学的兴起,体现了历史书写与社会政治之间的互动与张力。     

跨国史的兴起与20世纪世界史的重新书写

自20世纪90年代以来,国际史学界出现一股强大的潮流,即历史研究的"跨国转向",并导致跨国史的兴起。跨国史将民族国家历史置于跨国和全球语境中进行考察,关注跨国力量和外来因素对本国历史的影响,极大地改变了各国"国史"研究的面貌。跨国史还关注18世纪晚期以来人员、思想、信息、资本、商品和制度的跨国流动和联系,开辟了许多被传统的民族国家史漏掉的新领域,已经成为新的史学分支。跨国史研究凸显了跨国经验在人类生活中的重要性,改变了人们对现代历史,包括20世纪的冲突与战争的理解。因此,有必要从跨国史的视角重新书写20世纪世界史,包括增加非国家行为体的经历,突出跨国力量对各国发展和人类历史的影响,将国际人权保障、教育与文化交流、大众文化传播、消除传染性疾病、跨国环境合作以及国际体育等"低端"事务写入国际关系史。     

城市环境史在美国的缘起及其发展动向

城市环境史,是关于城市与自然环境相互作用的历史。在环境史研究兴起之初,城市环境史未受到应有的重视。但城市在人类生活中的重要性,城市化、郊区化所导致的环境变迁,城市中的污染、健康与公共卫生等问题,都意味着城市在美国环境史研究中不可能长期处于边缘地位。20世纪90年代以后,城市环境史成为美国环境史研究的重要领域。城市环境史研究的成果大致可以分为三类:其一是考察城市与乡村的关系,其二是研究城市污染治理及城市公共基础设施建设,其三是探讨不同社会阶层不平等的环境权益。可以预见,城市环境史研究在未来将朝更加开放多元的方向发展。     

史学关注荒野——环境史的兴起及启示

环境史的兴起和发展,是自然对人类警示的结果,是人对自身历史反思的结果,是历史学科的又一大发展。环境史为史学观念提供了一种新的思考范式,即抛弃人类中心主义,从环境中心主义去思考世界史,从自然的整体思考人类历史,思考整体史,并试图以此构建一种新的全球史。     

环境史及其对自然的重新书写

长期以来,由于根深蒂固的静止世界观及地理环境决定论的消极影响,再加上人类对自然的生态价值缺乏认识,自然长期被历史学家所忽视。自19世纪后半期,一些美国学者尝试将自然纳入历史的写作范畴。经过长时间摸索,这一努力日臻成熟,集中表现在20世纪六七十年代出现的环境史。环境史扩大了历史研究的范畴,提供了观察历史的新思路和新视角,它还可以对一些重大历史事件和理论问题重新做出解释。     

西方地图史研究:收藏兴趣、后现代转向、多样化

地图史研究在20世纪六七十年代兴起,在各种社会思潮的影响下,20世纪八九十年代很快就发生了转向。其中,哈利(John Brain Harley)、大卫·特布尔(David Turnbull)、克里斯蒂安·雅克布(Christian Jacob)是地图史研究转向中展开系统理论阐述的代表性学者。尤其是哈利成就卓著,他关于地图史的理论阐述被称之为地图史哲学,而以他为核心的学者群为地图史研究做出了重大贡献,影响深远。他们对地图史研究理论的阐释有着内在的一致性,都强调了对地图的重新定义,地图与其所处的社会的关系,地图与知识、权力的关系。在理论发展的推动下,地图史研究在20世纪90年代以后开始蓬勃发展。首先,传统的实证主义专题在继续发展的同时,吸收新的思路与方法,不断深化;其次地图史不再只是地图史本身:地图史同时也呈现历史,而地图更被用来构建历史。第三,也是极为重要的,从权力、资本、知识关联性角度,讨论地图史与地理空间的相互创造过程。第四,地图装饰和女性主义等其他地图史专题研究,同样引人注目。     

Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941

This article argues that commentators such as Will Hutton might be somewhat premature in their forecast of an imminent collapse of the Chinese economy as a principal mechanism of general global economic downturn. Long-term predictions surely require some long-term data from the real historical past? The author argues more specifically that in recent history the turning points in the Chinese political economy tend to come from technological and related problems within that economy itself, rather than through political pressures arising from outside China. It follows that Chinese political transition awaits further economic development and its association with the emergence of a new phase of technological progress. This approach differs from that of the ‘adaptive governance’ analysts, who argue that evolution of political regimes may be traced through linkages between contemporary political processes and the ‘revolutionary precedents’ of the 1920s. Instead the author considers a continuous history of technological exigencies into the present time as the effective stimulants of regime changes.     

Introduction: Danto and His Critics: After the End of Art and Art History

In Bielefeld, Germany in April, 1997 an author conference was devoted to Arthur C. Danto's 1995 Mellon Lectures After the End of Art: Contemporary Art and the Pale of History (Princeton,1997). This essay provides an introduction to seven essays given at that conference and expanded for this Theme Issue of History and Theory . Danto presented his view of the nature of art in The Transfiguration of the Commonplace (1981). He then added in the Mellon lectures a sociological perspective on the current situation of the visual arts, and an Hegelian historiography. The history of art has ended, Danto claims, and we now live in a posthistorical era. Since in his well-known book on historiography, Analytical Philosophy of History (1965), Danto is unsympathetic to Hegel's speculative ways of thinking about history, his adaptation of this Hegelian framework is surprising. Danto's strategy in After the End of Art is best understood by grasping the way in which he transformed the purely philosophical account of The Transfiguration into a historical account. Recognizing that his philosophical analysis provided a good way of explaining the development of art in the modern period, Danto radically changed the context of his argument. In this process, he opened up discussion of some serious but as yet unanswered questions about his original thesis, and about the plausibility of Hegel's claim that the history of art has ended.
Hegel . . . did not declare that modern art had ended or would disintegrate. . . . his attitude towards future art was optimistic, not pessimistic. . . . According to his dialectic . . . art . . . has no end but will evolve forever with time.     

FUTURE BY HISTORY: RETHINKING PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

Philosophy of history has a threefold dimension: material, formal, and functional, which have largely been conceptualized as mutually exclusive. It is high time to mediate them into a coherent relationship, and Rohbeck's book is a decisive step toward such a new philosophy of history. The book is divided into three parts: the first deals with the relationship between history and the future, the second analyzes the relationship between history and ethics, and the third synthesizes these two aspects into a pragmatics of history. With regard to the first part, historical thinking is based on a perception of temporal otherness related to the past. Rohbeck prolongs the time perspective by bridging this time gap into the future. As to the second, Rohbeck replaces teleology by ethics. Teleology includes ethics but limits its scope to a one‐sided development. Ethics allows many more options. Finally, who is the agent for historical ethics? Rohbeck proposes the “generation” as the basic actor in historical change and the addressee of ethical commitment. At the end of his work, Rohbeck draws consequences for the idea of philosophy of history from his idea of historical ethics. He shows that history has a new perspective if it is viewed through the lens of ethical elements in the fundamental relationship between past, present, and future. Of course, many questions follow this fascinating new version of the old philosophy of history. I raise only three of them: (1) What synthesizes the three dimensions of time into one and the same history? (2) Did we not learn from historicism that values in ethics have an inbuilt temporality? This argument does not run against the idea of an ethics of history, but should sharpen its genuine historical character. (3) Who is the agent of this change: who brings it about and at the same is subjected to it? An anonymous sum of generations in space and time is not a convincing answer. We need an integrative idea that covers the vast field of experience of the human world in space and time and that covers the strong commitment to universal values. In this respect it would be worthwhile to pick up the idea of humankind as it was conceptualized as the red thread of history in traditional, modern philosophy of history.     

论中国共产党历史上的两次伟大转折

中国共产党在 80年光辉历程中经历了以 1 935年遵义会议和 1 978年十一届三中全会为标志的两次伟大历史转折。两次伟大历史转折都产生了巨大的作用和深远的影响 ;两次伟大历史转折都发生在重大的历史关头 ,同时又都是经过较为充分的准备 ,在政治上、组织上条件已经成熟的情况下发生的 ;两次伟大历史转折都是通过发扬党内民主、开展党内斗争来实现 ;两次伟大历史转折以后 ,都还经过了一个相当时间的后续的发展过程 ,转折的成果才得到巩固 ,转折的任务才全部完成。     

The Postholocaust Landscape of Chelmno on the Ner (Kulmhof an der Nehr): An Ecological Perspective

ABSTRACT

This article shows how the ecology and nature of the Rzuchów Forest (in the Rzuchów district of the Ko?o forestry inspectorate in Greater Poland) was indirectly affected by the extermination of the Jewish population as a result of it being used to camouflage evidence of the crimes. Tracing the environmental history of commemoration in the forested part of the former death camp at Che?mno on the Ner (Che?mno nad Nerem/ Kulmhof an der Nehr) will give an indication of the ecological consequences of efforts to preserve the material traces of the camp and its natural surroundings. These efforts continued into the late 1980s. The ecology of commemoration and environmental commemoration form the two poles of this ecological continuum. It is possible to bring them closer together by furthering debates on the relationship between genocide and ecocide, while also expanding existing narratives on the Holocaust by turning to environmental aspects. This research is guided by the idea that it is necessary to rethink existing (and planned) forms of commemoration of crimes against humanity in the context of environmental ethics, with this approach leading to forms of commemoration at killing sites that give more consideration to the environment.     

A New Diplomatic History and the Networks of Spanish Diplomacy in the Baroque Era

Diplomatic history has undergone profound alterations during the last century. According to the old model built by Mattingly in 1955, diplomatic history was the analysis of international and political relations within a national context. Subsequent studies analysed how diplomacy evolved towards a more institutionalised and professional scheme (established in eighteenth-century European diplomacy). However, was this conclusion an inevitable one for Early Modern and Baroque diplomacy? This essay intends to retrace the steps that have been taken towards a new history of diplomacy, by early-modern historians in general, and by Spanish historiography in particular, as well as to assess the idea that what made a difference for Spanish Baroque diplomacy was the extent of networks that allowed cultural transference, the capacity to influence others, rather than the institutional extent of connections and practices. Which people or processes promoted the circulation of ideas, information, and culture, within and outside the Spanish monarchy, during the seventeenth century? This question will form the focus of the second part of this essay, in which the author analyses several specific cases of Spanish ambassadors in Europe: their networks of communication, their building of stereotypes, their informal diplomatic practices, and their use of ceremonial practices.     

多维视野中的"革命"--西方"革命学"研究历程评介

20世纪的西方学术在融合和分化的大背景下,特别是在西方现实需要的强大推动下,兴起了众多交叉学科和研究领域。如“现代化”理论一样,“革命”也是西方学者多角度、多层面地加以探讨的活跃领域之一。西方学者真正以比较客观、公正的态度研究“革命”是自俄国十月革命之后,迄今为止大致经历自然史阶段、一般理论、结构—功能理论和行为主义革命理论等四个阶段。其研究方法和取向各不相同,反映了西方“革命”研究的多维视野。     

Zeitschichten des Klons. Anmerkungen zu einer Begriffsgeschichte

Temporal Layers of the Clone. Remarks on a Conceptual History. This paper aims at a history of the clone concept in 20th‐century life science and culture. The first part of the paper is concerned with conceptual history approaches. Here, the idea of ‘Zeitschichten’ by Reinhart Koselleck is discussed and its implications for the history of science are explored. In the following parts of the paper, I trace the historical dynamics of the clone concept in various fields of 20th‐century life sciences. I argue that the clone concept, which originated in plant breeding around 1900, soon developed into a technical tool in a variety of research areas. With this, specific meanings became attached: the idea of standardization, genetic identity, and mass reproduction. A further connotation of the clone was the idea of stagnancy with respect to processes in time: The clone was seen as something that was exempt from evolutionary changes. In the last section of the paper, I trace the shifting meanings of the clone concept in the 1960s and 1970s, when the clone became a widespread metaphor that pointed to future biotechnologically driven possibilities to reshape the nature of human beings. In this regard, the debates of the 1970s are analyzed as a turning point: Whereas utopian and eugenic visions predominated the debates in the 1960s (when the human clone was seen as something which will occur in a distant future), the 1970s discussion focused on the advent of a biotechnological era and the human clone had became a reality.     

良渚文明兴衰的生态史观

环境考古学的发展为讨论良渚文化的衰亡开拓了新的思路。然而,环境论者在表述论点时,常常会片面地强调外界环境变化对文化发展影响,显得过于机械化和简单化。从地理学和考古学的基础研究入手,深入地阐述了环境考古学的理论基础,提出生态史观是研究良渚文明兴衰的有效方法。通过对良渚文化系统动态分析,认为良渚文明的兴衰是其系统中各因素相互作用的结果,而良渚文化的衰亡是因为人地关系紧张,造成了系统的紊乱。     

OBJECTS OF HISTORY: THE PAST MATERIALIZED1

What is the role of material culture in understanding the past? This review essay explores two principal approaches—the history of museums and antiquities and environmental history—to reflect on their shared investment in historical materialism. It reviews Timothy LeCain's The Matter of History and Peter Miller's History and Its Objects, discussing their perspectives on objects and the writing of history. One important part of this history concerns the relationship of academic historians to the idea of a history museum, curatorial practices, and public history. What kinds of history can we do in a museum, with things, that might not occur without the presence of objects? Why were nineteenth- and early twentieth-century efforts to encourage a close relationship between historical research and the history museum largely abandoned in favor of a document-driven approach? The second dimension of current interest in historical materialism concerns new approaches to environmental history. It draws inspiration from Deep History as well as recent work in archaeology and STS (Science and Technology Studies) to argue for a more integrated history of humans and nature that demonstrates how things have made us. The history of successive efforts to remake the environment in different parts of the world and their consequences offers crucial object lessons in how humans have responded to nature's own creativity. Both approaches to historical materialism highlight the virtues of a more interdisciplinary approach to historical scholarship, in the museum or in the field, but most important, in our own sensibilities about what it means to think historically with artifacts and to treat them as compelling evidence of a shared history of humanity and nature.