论皇会与清代天津民间社会的互动关系——以《天津天后宫行会图》为中心的研究

"天妃"信仰在天津传播过程中,以"碧霞元君"信仰为蓝本进行了信仰改造,从而在丰富神灵职能的同时获得了广泛的信众基础。在信仰社会化的同时,"天妃"信仰通过皇会这一活动,融合利用了最广泛的社会力量,完成了与民间社会的深层互动。     

从孤魂野鬼到神灵的转化--闽南"私人佛仔"的初步研究

一、引言 所谓"私人佛仔",是指闽南一带的居民对某些神品较低的神灵的主位称呼,这种神灵主要供奉在厢房、内室或僻屋中,很少进入民间供奉正神的厅堂正中,而且他们主要是由住在该内室的人敬奉的,并与该内室的人有一些千丝万缕的关系,因为,他们主要是由这家过去夭折或凶死的亲人转化而来的.私人佛仔过去被称为"夫人妈",①但是用"夫人妈"来概括指称这类神灵是有些问题的.因为,在闽南,"夫人妈"是对某神灵的夫人的一种尊称,凡是神灵的夫人均可以用此称之.换言之,夫人妈是专对女神而言的.     

"懒龙"刘坤一善于"谋国之大"

在清朝两江总督任职史上,有一位官员先后四任两江总督,他还在朋友圈博了个"懒龙"的绰号.此人名叫刘坤一."懒"而为"龙",为何称他是"人中之龙"?又为什么加一个"懒"字呢?     

毛南族节日

正分龙节毛南族民间最大的节日是每年夏至后的分龙节。分龙节又叫"五月庙节",是毛南族特有的节日,在阴历的"分龙"日前两天开始举行,主要是祭祀神灵与祖先,全村男女以及外嫁的女子和远道的亲友都赶来参加,隆重而热烈。     

近代北京的四大门信仰三题

近代北京民间信仰中的四大门是四种带有灵异色彩的动物,在当地民众的日常生活中扮演着微妙而特殊的角色。通过考察可知:其一,在近代北京民间的视野中,四大门与泰山女神碧霞元君、王三奶奶构成了区域化的神灵谱系。其二,四大门或直接与信众对话,或通过其代言人"香头"与信众沟通,而"香头"必须经过朝拜碧霞元君仪式的认证。这种信仰习俗具有鲜明的伦理教化性,但并非民间宗教。其三,四大门信仰在近代中国的政治境遇顺逆不定,由此产生了四大门信仰的正当性问题。     

阅读乃龙山

位于川西北部甘孜县境内的乃龙是夺康地区遐迩闻名的神山.其全称为”东谷索朵乃”。“乃”藏文字階音,意为“存在神灵之地”;“龙”沟谷之意,“乃龙”“乃日”系圣山圣地的总称。 乃龙神山山三山一谷组成,绕一转约有十多公里,四面环山,海拔三千多米。中心山的东南方向称前山,煎山为陡峭的悬崖,后山为草坡。四周生长着柏木、云杉、柳树等各种树木花草。不知是自然的造化还是神灵的杰作,山上有许多大小长短各异的溶洞、岩洞。岩壁石窟内有凹凸不平的数以百计的酷似各种佛像,飞禽     

灵验与感恩——汉民族宗教体验的互动模式

本文通过对问卷调查数据分析证实,在闽侯县农村居民的宗教信仰中,"灵验"是人们对神明的最主要的期望,即"有求必应",而"感恩"则是信众对神明灵验的回报,即"有应必酬"。信众得到"神助"的前提是信仰必须虔诚,"心诚则灵"。作为回报,信众除了信仰更加虔诚之外,还需要以物质或服务回报神明,即"还愿"。这种回报神明的方式不是一种交易,而是一种沟通仪式,这也是宗教事业发展的物质基础,回报神明实际上也是回报社会。     

朝鲜王朝的"太平馆"

朝鲜王朝的太平馆是专门接待明朝使臣的馆舍.围绕太平馆的接待职事,朝鲜设置迎接都监都厅,下设"六色"及各司负责使臣的生活起居,户曹、兵曹、工曹等衙门分别配合,负责财务、保卫、修缮、供给等项事务.太平馆内主要举办接待明朝使臣的各种宴会并进行贸易洽谈,是朝鲜王朝与明朝经济、文化交流的一个重要机构,具有"崇华事大"的象征意义,对维护和发展明朝与朝鲜的封贡关系发挥了重要作用.     

湖南道县“关仙”现象的田野调查与理论分析

湖南道县历史悠久,"关仙"现象在当地比较普遍。"关仙"现象对信众个体的精神慰藉、心理调适、娱乐消遣等有重要作用。所谓"关仙"就是一种民众向某个神灵附体者(仙娘婆)进行"咨询"的活动。通过非结构式访谈与参与观察等方法调查得知,整个"关仙"过程包括四个部分:采花、关灶神、关病、关死魂,由仪式专家"仙娘婆"实施。民众的信仰需求与仪式专家的持续再生产是"关仙"仪式得以存在的内因,"灵性产品"竞争者的稀少与政府管制的宽松是其存在的外因。认为"关仙"现象是一种有巫术倾向的民间信仰,本质上属于宗教。"关仙"现象是民间信仰中的一种特定形式,若要达成提高国家文化软实力的目标,必须要面对民间信仰的重构问题。     

近代北京的四大门信仰三题简

近代北京民间信仰中的四大门是四种带有灵异色彩的动物,在当地民众的日常生活中扮演着微妙而特殊的角色。通过考察可知：其一,在近代北京民间的视野中,四大门与泰山女神碧霞元君、王三奶奶构成了区域化的神灵谱系。其二,四大门或直接与信众对话,或通过其代言人“香头”与信众沟通,而“香头”必须经过朝拜碧霞元君仪式的认证。这种信仰习俗具有鲜明的伦理教化性,但并非民间宗教。其三,四大门信仰在近代中国的政治境遇顺逆不定,由此产生了四大门信仰的正当性问题。     

Back in their proper place:: racial gerrymandering in Georgia

During this decade the United States Supreme Court has made significant rulings on constitutional challenges to representative districts purposefully drawn to empower minorities as district majorities. Arguments have set the Voting Rights Act against the Fourteenth Amendment's goal of a colorblind society. The court has generally struck down the aggressive drawing of majority–minority districts, finding them racial classifications not narrowly tailored to achieve compelling state interests. This study analyzes and evaluates these legal developments, principally through a focus upon the most recent litigation in Georgia. My thesis — that the Court has muddled the jurisprudence of representation, voting rights and racial equality because of its inability to treat politics and geography with consistency, depth, rigor and judgment — will be explored in connection with five questions. First, can compact and regular shape provide the courts with a concept to properly assess the legal issues without involving the courts in intractable and injudicious political questions? Second, does a bizarrely shaped district “broadcast” such an invidious racial message as to constitute a “stigmatic harm” which provides plaintiffs with standing to challenge the district? Third, is a district's bizarre shape critical evidence of the districters' intent to discriminate? Fourth, is “community of interest” a significantly richer criterion than shape for evaluating racial gerrymandering claims and defenses? Fifth, what is the proper legal role of traditional criteria of territorial representation as the benchmarks for distinguishing permissible from impermissible race-conscious districting?     

Commentary: Perceptions of Landscapes in Heaven

Western Places, American Myths: How We Think About the West. Edited by Gary J. Hausladen. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003. List of illustrations, acknowledgments, introduction, notes, contributors, and index, xiv+343 pp. $49.95 hardback. ISBN 0-87417-531-3.

Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto. By Tim Cole. New York: Routledge, 2003. Preface, acknowledgments, notes, and index, xv+303 pp. $19.95 paperback. IBSN 0-415-92969-5.

Putting Women in Place: Feminist Geographers Make Sense of the World. By Mona Domosh and Joni Seager. New York: Guilford Press, 2001. Figures and tables, acknowledgments, preface, references, and index, xviii+215 pp. $18.95 paperback. ISBN 1- 57230-668-8.

American Space/American Place: Geographies of the Contemporary United States. Edited by John A. Agnew and Jonathan M. Smith. New York: Routledge, 2002. Preface, discussion questions, further reading, and index, xii+365 pp. $26.95 paperback. ISBN 0-415-93532-6.

Mythic Galveston: Reinventing America's Third Coast. By Susan Wiley Hardwick. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2002. Preface, acknowledgments, bibliography, and index. xii + 175 pp. $42.95 hardback. ISBN 0-8018-6887-4.

It Happened on Washington Square. By Emily Kies Folpe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. Preface, acknowledgments, introduction, epilogue, notes, bibliographic essay, and index, xii+353 pp. $22.50 hardback. ISBN 0-8018 7088-7.