1978年以来我国农地产权制度变迁及启示

改革开放以来,我国农地产权制度改革大致上经历了四个阶段。从改革过程看,经过了从强制性变迁到诱致性变迁的过程,遵循了生产关系一定要适应生产力发展的规律,增强了农民对土地的稳定感和权属感,尊重了广大农民的自由选择,进一步协调了效率与公平的关系。展望未来,农地产权制度改革的方向应是完善农地承包权流转制度。     

从敦煌吐鲁番文书看唐前期的均田制

均田制是我同古代的一种重要的政治制度,在我国土地制度的发展中占有重要地位,本文将以出土的敦煌吐鲁番文书为依据,对其进行系统阐述。     

唐代均田制下宽乡的给田基准额

均田制把田土分成永业田和口分田,是为了运用给田和限田的功能。永业田20亩和口分田80亩合成100亩具备限田的功能。第一,永业田20亩符合于李安世奏文所提到的“力业相称”。第二,永业田20亩能够保障均田农民的最低生计。第三,合理说明为何敦煌户籍文书采用宽乡受田规定,而吐鲁番户籍文书采用狭乡受田规定。据此,在宽乡敦煌,考虑到均田制限田功能,不免出现均田农民之间田土已受率的差别。依据这种差别否定均田制施行,是不符合事实的。     

日本刑事诉讼制度的变迁

日本刑事诉讼发展史,是一部不断地学习外国先进法律制度的历史。明治以前主要学习唐律;明治以后至第二次世界大战结束,主要学习以法德为代表的大陆法;第二次世界大战后又受到英美法尤其美国法的强烈影响,制定了现行刑事诉讼法,诉讼构造由职权主义转向以当事人主义为主、以职权主义为辅的日本式当事人主义。     

制度变迁下的中国区域旅游发展与差异研究

处于经济体制转轨期及对宏观环境敏感的中国旅游业,受制度结构与产业政策影响很大,完善的制度是保证旅游业持续发展的关键。本文分析了制度变迁下中国区域旅游发展与区域差异:我国旅游管理体制的变革是伴随着制度环境变迁而逐步演变,制度变迁是推动我国旅游业快速发展的重要因素;同时,在路径依赖规律的作用下,制度变迁是区域旅游差异产生并扩大的重要原因,但可以通过制度创新,促进区域旅游发展,缩小区域旅游差距。借助相关数据研究显示,制度变迁程度与我国旅游总收入以及与区域旅游外汇收入之间,有较显著的正相关性。     

浅谈贵琼人的婚俗变迁

贵琼人属于古羌人的后裔,给我们留下许多的古老文化、不同的习俗,如今的贵琼人大都居住在四川省甘孜藏族自治州泸定县岚安乡以及康定县东北的鱼通区。两地仅一大渡河之隔,相踞不过20多华里,两地居民同属贵琼九支。他们的婚姻制度在现代文明的冲刺下,已经有了很多变迁,不再是姑舅表婚,而是在改革开放的今天的婚姻制度才是科学的。     

多重逻辑框架下环保督察制度变迁中的互动机制研究

生态文明建设已经成为国家建设不可或缺的一部分,环保督察作为生态文明建设在中国治理场域下的独特选择,其实践探索过程实际是一个横纵联动、上下贯通的三重逻辑主体的动态互动过程.国家的环保督察制度大致经历了从督企到督政,再到党政企同督同责的演变历程,呈现出国家的逻辑、科层制的逻辑以及社会公众的逻辑.三层逻辑以利益为...     

强制性制度变迁与明治维新的二元效应

日本19世纪进行的明治维新是一场自上而下的强制性制度变迁,这场深刻的社会变革使日本经济、社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化。从幕府末期发展的实际情况来看,日本社会产生了一种强烈的制度需求,这种需求使日本社会处于一种制度不均衡的状态,而明治维新提供了所需要的制度,实现了新的制度均衡,使日本走上富国强兵的资本主义发展道路。但是,政府主导的强制性制度变迁虽然使日本经济实现了跳跃式的发展,挤进了西方列强的行列,同时也在政治、经济制度中留下了不少封建因素,成为日后日本经济体制发展中的先天性缺陷。     

《唐令·田令》的完整复原与今后均田制的研究

《唐令·田令》的完整复原使我们对唐田令有了完整的认识 ,也使许多长期有争议的重大问题得以解决。如由此可确认有唐一代《田令》未做实质性修改 ;唐律令承认私田合法存在 ;《唐令·田令》既包括基本原则 ,也包括十分细致的实施细则。《田令》对民户各种应受田对象、应受田额等的规定 ,都很明确具体 ,无需《户部式》补充 ,更不容《户部式》进行变通。《唐令·田令》的完整复原给今后的研究提出了新的课题。今后要研究的不是均田制是否实行 ,而是均田制如何实行 ,主要按《田令》哪些条款施行。为此 ,就要研究各地原先的土地占有情况 ,政府是否有足够的闲置的官田、荒地可授。在介绍《田令》第 2条、第2 7条时 ,不应有所遗漏 ,这样才可以避免读者对《田令》与均田制产生误解     

《通监》三长制系年发微——兼论北魏均田制的性质和作用

《资治通监》据《魏书．食货志》,将北魏采纳实施李冲三长制的时间系於太和十年（486）,又强调去年,即485年北魏实行的均田制“恒计见口”,并不是一种重复记录。北魏立国之後,均田制实施之前,已在中原以外的大部分地区,逐渐实行了类似三长制的户口和赋税制度。均田制是北魏国家在遍布坞壁的中原地区实行的类似三长制的户口和赋税制度,以取代宗主督护制。均田制实施後,北魏大部分地区的户口和赋税制度形式上已趋於一致。李冲三长制乃是在此基础上,“混天下一法”,将这些业已在北魏大部分地区实行的制度“明令颁布,使它一般化”。     

"一五"时期的投资与制度变革

"一五"期间,我国资源供求状况及其配置方式发生巨大变化,这些变化与这一时期的投资过热和经济波动存在必然联系."一五"时期的投资是个连续大起大落的过程,两次冒进间隔时间短,这在建国以来的投资史上是少见的.由于投资规模过大、增长速度过快,导致生产资料和消费品供求形势全面紧张,促使国家将计划管理的力度和范围不断加大,从而加快了三大改造的步伐,全面建立起了计划经济体制.但自此也形成了追求高速度和外延、粗放型的增长方式.     

Studying Incremental Institutional Change: A Systematic and Critical Meta‐Review of the Literature from 2005 to 2015

Since the early 2000s, theorizing on incremental institutional change has made inroads in comparative historical analysis. In particular, the ideas, concepts, and theory introduced by Kathleen Thelen and her collaborators have been widely adopted by scholars. These scholars are not, however, univocally positive about the theory. Three main critiques have been plaguing the theory since its early days: the concepts it builds on lack clarity, the model of agency it uses is too static, and the theory lacks analytical power overall. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis method, this article presents a meta‐analysis of the peer‐reviewed empirical literature from 2005 to 2015 that applies this theory. It seeks to better understand the reach of the critiques expressed, as this may provide a starting point for improvement. It finds considerable quantitative support for the critiques, and uncovers an additional problematic issue: the tendency for concept stretching and concept proliferation by scholars seeking to overcome the shortcomings of the theory. Paradoxically, concept stretching and proliferation only further reduce the analytical power of the theory. The article concludes with suggestions for improvement of the development and application of the theory.     

清代海禁政策与对外贸易中的利益博弈分析--以新制度经济学视角

学术界对于清代海禁政策研究主要着眼于政治与历史范畴而鲜有完整的经济学视角。文章运用制度经济学相关理论对清代海禁政策进行"新经济史"研究,在重新探讨清朝海禁原由的基础上,根据新制度经济学框架分析了海禁政策下对外贸易中各利益相关方的博弈以及海禁政策延续百年之久的原因。作者认为一国政府部门在制定政策时,不仅要从政权利益层面出发,还要兼顾民众利益,考虑他国利益,使政策能够多方共赢。     

Dissecting Policy Designs: An Application of the Institutional Grammar Tool

An enduring challenge for the policy and political sciences is valid and reliable depiction of policy designs. One emerging approach for dissecting policy designs is the application of Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom's institutional grammar tool. The grammar tool offers a method to identify, systematically, the core elements that comprise policies, including target audiences, expected patterns of behavior, and formal modes of sanctioning for noncompliance. This article provides three contributions to the study of policy designs by developing and applying the institutional grammar tool. First, we provide revised guidelines for applying the institutional grammar tool to the study of policy design. Second, an additional component to the grammar, called the oBject, is introduced. Third, we apply the modified grammar tool to four policies that shape Colorado State Aquaculture to demonstrate its effectiveness and utility in illuminating institutional linkages across levels of analysis. The conclusion summarizes the contributions of the article as well as points to future research and applications of the institutional grammar tool.     

北魏赠爵制度考

北魏国家实行的赠爵,是国家爵位制度的重要组成部分。但赠爵与为在世者授予的受爵位还有不同之处。赠爵可以同时授予同一家族的不同成员,并且,也是不能够为后世继承的爵位。在北魏国家爵位改革前,赠爵的等级受到生前爵位等级的影响。但在爵位改革后,赠爵的等级与生前爵位等级是相同的。在北魏国家爵位改革前,赠爵的封地为虚封地,表现出复杂的情况。但在爵位改革后,赠爵的封地与他们生前所受爵位的封地基本是一致的。     

Polycentric Transformation in Kenyan Water Governance: A Dynamic Analysis of Institutional and Social‐Ecological Change

Beginning in 2002, Kenyan water governance transitioned from a monocentric, top‐down system to one exhibiting traits of polycentricity. In this paper, we investigate the changes made to water policy following the 2002 reform, outcomes produced in a collection of community‐ and catchment‐level user groups in the Mount Kenya region, and the conformance of these changes and outcomes with principles of polycentricity. A new framework is used to capture the complex institutional arrangements and interactions existing before and after the polycentric transformation. Unlike many previous polycentricity studies, the present research focuses primarily on the outcomes of the polycentric shift and determines if these correspond to predictions from polycentricity theory. We utilize survey data collected in 2013 from water managers, as well as archival research to interrogate congruence with principles of polycentricity. This study contributes to the broader discussion on polycentricity in two fundamental ways: (i) It documents the functioning of a water management system following a top‐down imposed polycentric reform, and (ii) It empirically inspects whether these polycentric reforms have produced benefits predicted by polycentricity theorists, such as experimentation by local water users, increased collective action, and improved coordination between levels of management.     

Examining Implementation of the National Voter Registration Act by Nonprofit Organizations: An Institutional Explanation

The 1993 National Voter Registration Act authorizes nonprofit social service organizations to conduct nonpartisan voter registration drives, with the aim of making the process more accessible for low‐income citizens and segments of the population historically underrepresented in the political process. Although more than 15 years have elapsed since this important reform was enacted, very little is known about the extent to which nonprofits have embraced this practice, and what factors explain their decision to do so. Drawing upon institutional theory, this article examines the propensity of nonprofit social service organizations to carry out nonpartisan voter registration and voter mobilization campaigns in a national election year. A series of hypotheses are tested using data from a random sample of several hundred nonprofit service organizations in the United States that were surveyed prior to the 2008 election. Findings suggest that institutional factors, especially state laws, are highly influential in shaping the decision of local level nonprofits to register voters. The article concludes with a discussion of policy implications of this study.     

东魏北齐史官制度与官修史书——再论史馆修史始于北齐

东魏迁都邺城,学术文化中心转移,北魏太和以来积累的文明成果萃集邺下,为东魏北齐史官制度的发展与《魏书》编纂提供了良好条件,并由此形成了史馆修史与大臣监修制度。大臣监修与史馆修史二者一体,史馆是一专门修史机构,似在宫禁集书省与起居省内,已不同于北魏秘书省之史阁。大臣监修改变了北魏以来秘书监、丞典领国史的传统,入馆修史加兼著作,脱离了秘书著作系统。著作从秘书省游离出来,与集注起居形成更加密切的关系。东魏北齐沿承北魏,置集书省和起居省,北魏以守尚书典注起居,东魏北齐以散骑常侍等侍官监领或撰修起居注。史馆修史与起居集注,造就了《魏书》、《齐书》、《齐纪》等史书。东魏北齐史官制度变化的依据为礼制的修订,唐代礼多因循北齐,故其史馆修史制度亦上承北齐。     

A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA

This paper presents a suite of two‐dimensional mathematical models of basin‐scale groundwater flow and heat transfer for the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System. The models were used to assess the hydrodynamic driving mechanisms responsible for main‐stage stratiform copper mineralization of the basal Nonesuch Formation during the post‐volcanic/pre‐compressional phase of basin evolution. Results suggest that compaction of the basal aquifer (Copper Harbor Formation), in response to mechanical loading during deposition of the overlying Freda Sandstone, generated a pulse of marginward‐directed, compaction‐driven discharge of cupriferous brines from within the basal aquifer. The timing of this pulse is consistent with the radiometric dates for the timing of mineralization. Thinning of the basal aquifer near White Pine, Michigan, enhanced stratiform copper mineralization. Focused upward leakage of copper‐laden brines into the lowermost facies of the pyrite‐rich Nonesuch Formation resulted in copper sulfide mineralization in response to a change in oxidation state. Economic‐grade mineralization within the White Pine ore district is a consequence of intense focusing of compaction‐driven discharge, and corresponding amplification of leakage into the basal Nonesuch Formation, where the basal aquifer thins dramatically atop the Porcupine Mountains volcanic structure. Equilibrium geochemical modeling and mass‐balance calculations support this conclusion. We also assessed whether topography and density‐driven flow systems could have caused ore genesis at White Pine. Topography‐driven flow associated with the Ottawan orogeny was discounted because it post‐dates main‐stage ore genesis and because recent seismic interpretations of basin inversion indicates that basin geometry would not be conductive to ore genesis. Density‐driven flow systems did not produce focused discharge in the vicinity of the White Pine ore district.     

20世纪50年代山西老区农村合作制度的变迁

新中国成立初期,选择何种制度安排来推动和保障农村、农业经济的发展成为当时农村工作的重大理论和实践问题,山西老区的农村合作制度变迁是这一历史变迁进程中极具特色的组成部分。山西老区的农业合作化运动是在互助组的基础上发展起来的,初级社适应了当时的农民心理和生产力条件,但在向高级社过渡的时候,由于存在把合作社和集体化等同起来的思想,在方式方法上违背了自愿、民主等原则,出现了严重的"四过"问题,结果虽然高级社顺利建成,但并没有对生产力的发展产生制度性促进。