陆征祥出席海牙保和会奏折两件

海牙保和会是第一次世界大战前各国列强在荷兰海牙召开的一次重要军备会议。中国作为三等国列席。代表清廷出席会议的是保和会专使大臣陆征祥。本组史料即为陆征祥关于出席会议情况上奏清廷慈禧皇太后和光绪皇帝的奏折,现予公布。     

Review Article: The Military Orders in War and Peace

MALCOLM BARBER. Crusaders and Heretics, 12th-14th Centuries. Aldershot, UK: Variorum; dist. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, 1995. Pp. x, 289. $77.50 (US);

MALCOLM BARBER, ed. The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick. Aldershot, UK: Variorum; dist. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing, 1994. Pp. xxvii, 399. $99.50 (US).     

The Boer War and the Media (1899-1902)

The South African War that broke out in October 1899 was bothvery old and very new. It was a traditional war, the last ofthe old-fashioned British imperial wars, with cavalry playinga significant part. But it was also a very modern war, for instancein the British Army's use of railways to subdue the Boers inthe early months of 1900, or the use of trench warfare by theBoers along the Modder river. It was disturbingly new in theway that it changed in the autumn of 1900 from a war betweenarmies to a guerrilla war against a civilian population, mostdistastefully so in the British concentration camps set up tohouse Boer women and children. Above all, it was a distinctlycontemporary war in its impact on the media, especially thenewspapers, and in the interaction between the media and thoseparticipating in the fighting. It was a significant war, farbigger than originally expected, and was therefore big news.The British Army, ill-prepared for the original Boer invasionof Natal, at first numbered 75,000 troops. In the end, the Britishand imperial forces totalled 450,000 with contingents from Canada,Australia, New Zealand, and India. The British lost 22,000 men,13,000 of them from disease. The Boers lost about 7,000 in thefield, while another 27,000 (many of them very young children)are estimated to have died in the concentration camps. Therewere also about 20,000 black and ‘coloured’ Africanswho died in concentration camps, though this was little reportedat the time. So it was a major episode in British military history.The impact on British opinion of the relief of Ladysmith andespecially of Mafeking in 1900 was quite overwhelming. In afrenzy of ‘jingo’ celebration, the verb ‘mafficking’entered the language. In these circumstances, the consequencesof the Boer War on the media and its representation of war wereinevitably massive.     

抗战胜利后收复区的救济与复原

为了医治战争创伤,恢复正常社会秩序,抗战胜利后,国民政府利用联合国善后救济总署的援华物资在收复区进行了紧急救济与复原。它在难民的救济与安置、工农业生产的复原与经济的复兴等方面都作出了有益的贡献。但这些成果也随之散失在内战战火中。     

战与和的变奏——重庆谈判至政协会议期间的中国时局演变

重庆谈判至政协会议期间的中国时局演变,反映出战后中国面临的最重要问题,即战争还是和平,这是国人关注的主题。也是各种政治力量争执的焦点。国共两党虽然经过重庆谈判签订了“双十协定”,但由于并未解决军队和地盘这两个根本问题,因此仍然因为实际利益之争而发生了大规模武装冲突。其后,由于军事较量的相持,更由于外部环境的变化。国共实现了停战,并召开政协,讨论战后中国问题。但是国共停战的实现,缺少真正的内在动因。因此,在外部压力下实现的停战,其延续的环境十分脆弱。国共两党最终仍回复于战争,某些暂时的妥协只能是一时的“迂回”。并不妨碍双方实现其基本方针的决心与努力。在这样的形势下,所谓战与和的变奏,和不过是插曲。战才是主旋律。     

战争与和平历史运动的转折--一个中国学者对第二次世界大战的思考

今年是第二次世界大战——世界反法西斯战争——胜利60周年。     

David and Hazael: War,Peace, Stones and Memory

Abstract

This paper reexamines the rise and fall of two regional empires: the Israelite kingdom of David and Solomon, and the Aramaic kingdom of Hazael and his son Bar-Hadad III. The author presents a comparison between these two regional empires, discussing the following main points: the rise to power of the founders: David and Hazael and their charismatic character; their wars and peace treaties; the boundaries and the administrative organization of these two empires, and the decline and fall of the kingdoms in the days of the founder's sons: Solomon and Bar-Hadad III. The author is of the opinion that the existence of a regional empire in the days of Hazael and his son is of great significance for the reality of the empire of David and Solomon, since the former clearly proves that in certain geopolitical circumstances the making of a regional empire that controlled most of the area between the Euphrates and Philistia was entirely possible. The phenomenon of the Aramaean regional empire of Hazael and his son does not prove the existence of an Israelite regional empire, but it indicates that the biblical account of the rise and fall of an Israelite empire in the days of David and Solomon was possible, and even reasonable.