法门寺地宫出土唐代捻金线的捻制工艺研究

法门寺唐代丝绸捻金线是大批量出土的早期中国丝绸装饰金属线。本文以法门寺捻金线的形貌观察和材质科学分析为基础,结合中国传统捻金线制作工艺调查线索,分析"捻"金线的相关历史文献,排除利用其他捻金线技术制作法门寺捻金线的可行性,并通过实验室模拟验证,得出法门寺捻金线是通过对芯线加捻,在芯线旋转过程中将金箔条自动捻绕在芯线外而制成的技术结论。     

中国国家博物馆藏清代土司官服金属线的分析研究

对一件中国国家博物馆藏清代官服进行针对性的保护修复,以其使用的三种金属线为研究对象,分别采用显微观察、扫描电镜-能谱分析、红外光谱分析等方法进行了分析检测,得到了三种金属线的结构特征、相关几何尺寸、金属箔层合金,以及褙衬中各元素比例等信息。研究结果表明,面料花纬金属线为捻银线,其所用芯线为丝线。补子所用两种粗细不同的金属线均为捻金线,其中粗金属线的芯线为棉线,细金属线的芯线为丝线。三种金属线使用的褙衬材料均为纸张,系由竹纤维和禾草类纤维两种纤维混合打浆后抄造而成。本研究可更加全面深入地了解文物保存现状,为后续的保管、保护修复工作提供参考和依据,也可为清代纺织品的用金技术研究提供一定的科学资料。     

法门寺地宫出土唐代丝绸用金装饰工艺研究

借助文献分析、传统工艺调查和科学仪器分析相结合的研究方法,对法门寺丝绸装饰用金的形态、类型、材质和加工工艺进行了综合研究。结果表明,法门寺丝绸用金装饰主要包括金箔贴饰、捻金(银)线蹙金绣、织金锦以及利用缝线和墨绘线条组合装饰几种类型,所用金属线以高含金量的捻金线为主,中国古代金属线的类型演变主要遵循了制作成本逐渐降低,金属线长度、韧性、强度逐步增加,以及金属线外观色彩形貌和装饰工艺逐渐多样化的趋势。     

试论“捻金线”命名的合理性

"捻金线"是最经典、最成功、应用最广泛的丝绸文物装饰用金属线类型。随着对"捻金线"研究的不断深入,越来越多的技术信息被揭示出来,同时对"捻金线"命名的合理性也产生了不同的观点,并有学者提出了"缠金线"的新命名。本文通过对传统"捻金线"制作工艺的调查,探究"捻金线"制作的技术核心,结合古代"捻金线"出土实物的技术信息规律,并对"捻金线"名称在历史文献中的使用情况进行了梳理,综合以上研究厘清了"捻金线"得名的缘由,证明"捻金线"的命名合理无误。     

新疆山普拉墓地出土金线结构形貌与材质特征研究

山普拉墓地出土的珍贵纺织品与新疆其他古墓葬群出土的纺织品一样,是研究世界古代纺织史、丝绸之路物质文化交流的重要标本,承载着人类社会发展极其重要的历史、文化、科技价值。为研究古代纺织品的用金技术,以新疆和田洛浦县山普拉墓地出土金线为研究对象,借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对金线的形貌进行显微观察,以揭示金线及其芯线的结构特征,获取了金线相关几何尺寸等信息。同时结合能谱仪分析,对金线的成分进行检测,获得了金线合金中各元素的比例。本研究结果可为中国古代纺织品的用金技术研究提供科学依据,并且期冀通过今后逐步积累的大量金线分析数据能够揭示出中国较早时期纺织品用金技术的起源及其发展脉络。     

鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土玉器的材料属性与制作工艺研究

为了解河南鹿邑太清宫长子口墓出土的部分典型玉器的材料属性与制作工艺,用多种无损科技分析技术对其进行了现场分析,获取了玉器材质矿物组成、纹饰微观形貌、穿孔孔径及内部微痕特征、表面琢磨微痕等综合物理化学信息。基于科技分析结果,确定了玉器的材质属性以及玉器表面纹饰、钻孔、琢磨等制作工艺相关信息。结合考古学背景资料信息,探讨了长子口墓地出土玉器在材质、器形、功能与工艺之间存在的关系。     

清中晚期双龙五凤点翠冠饰材质与工艺研究

为从科学分析的角度研究清代点翠首饰的材质与工艺,本研究以陕西旬邑县唐家大院清中晚期双龙五凤点翠冠饰为研究对象,通过超景深三维视频显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察点翠冠饰的显微形貌、X射线能谱仪分析点翠冠饰制作材料的化学成分、傅里叶显微红外光谱仪分析点翠中使用胶黏剂的种类。研究表明,点翠冠饰的胎体以金属和木质为主,辅以花丝、捻金线、鎏金等细金工艺制作而成,使用动物胶将翠羽黏接在胎体上,点翠所用的翠羽主要是蓝色的羽枝。双龙五凤点翠冠饰的材料较少使用黄金等贵金属,而是以纯铜、纯银或铜银合金为基体、表面鎏金的金属材料或者木质材料制作,充分节省了冠饰制作的成本并减轻了重量。研究成果为传统点翠工艺提供详实的数据支持,对点翠工艺的传承、发展、创新提供一定的帮助。     

汉代铸钱夹砂陶背范的分析研究

与汉代铸钱相关的遗物中,铸钱夹砂陶背范出土数量最多,是由泥质面层与夹砂背层组成。为了揭示铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作工艺并探讨陶范多次使用的可能性及夹砂层的作用,对陕西西安窝头寨汉代铸钱遗址出土的铸钱夹砂陶背范进行分析研究。结果表明,泥质面层采用细泥料制作,其作用是保证所铸造的金属钱币具有优良的表面质量;夹砂背层是在制范泥料中掺杂了较多的肉眼可见的砂砾,其作用是提高陶范的机械性能,减小陶范受热后的变形,有利于它与金属范合范铸钱。铸钱夹砂陶背范的制作过程是:先制作夹砂层,然后在夹砂层上制作细泥层,在细泥层上印制钱币的背郭型腔,与金属范组成铸型铸造钱币。证实夹砂层可以重复使用,当泥质面层损坏后可以除掉表面的细泥层或直接在原型腔面上另加一层细泥重新制作背郭型腔,再次进行钱币的铸造,夹砂层可以一直使用到被损坏为止,从而极大地提高了铸钱效率。     

湖北宜城跑马堤墓地出土铜器的科学分析研究

跑马堤墓地是位于湖北省宜城市郑集镇的一处战国至汉代墓地。该墓地出土了大量青铜器,为研究从战国到汉代青铜器的制作技术变迁提供了系统性的资料。本研究对该墓地出土的部分铜器进行了金相组织观察和元素成分分析。结果显示,战国晚期铜器的材质包括铅锡青铜和锡青铜两类,不同类型功用的器物,在材质的选择上也有所不同;西汉铜器的材质则以铅锡青铜为主,合金元素总量相对于战国晚期铜器要低,而且变化范围较大。整体上,该批铜器主要为铸造成型,但其中有3件汉代青铜容器为锻造而成,这三件锻造铜器均为敞口薄壁器物。研究结果可为汉代以后考古学和金属技术史研究提供资料,并为中国古代金属技术史演进序列的补充完善提供科学数据。     

新疆山普拉古墓群出土双口折叠袋修复方法研究

新疆山普拉墓地出土了大量珍贵精美的古代纺织品文物,有效的保护修复手段有利于文物发挥其重要的历史、文化、艺术价值。文章以四件新疆山普拉古墓群出土的双口折叠袋为保护修复对象,使用复原性修复、绉丝纱包裹及无酸装具存放三种方法对残存情况不同的纺织品文物进行保护修复工作,对多层且材质丰富的纺织品文物的修复方法进行分析研究。     

北京大学藏简牍编绳的显微分析

编绳是简牍文物的重要组成部分,但由于其易于降解,在出土时多已腐朽甚至不存,故而通常不被重视,在文献中迄今亦未见到相关科学分析。北京大学收藏的西汉及秦代简牍中尚留存有编绳残段。为了从科学的角度了解其材质以及劣变状况,并为简牍研究及保护提供参考资料,本研究综合使用形貌、偏光、组织化学等显微分析手段,对这两批编绳样品进行了种属鉴定及成分分析。结果表明,两批编绳样品性质基本一致:其质料均为苎麻,其中纤维素,半纤维素及果胶质已无法检出,木质素和脂蜡质残留,但木质素中的醛基已发生改变。此外,秦简编绳中含有寄生虫卵,可能归属于华支睾吸虫,这符合于当时的流行病学资料以及葬制。     

Incoherent scatter observations of thin ionization layers at Sondrestrom

High resolution incoherent-scatter observations of E-region thin (1–3 km) metallic ion layers are presented. Data were collected during three different periods from August 1990 to August 1991, in three different experimental modes. First, the antenna was directed vertically and the entire duty cycle was devoted to Barker coded multi-pulse [Zamlutti (1980) J. atmos. terr. Phys.42, 975–982] measurements to determine the densities and temperatures in the E-region with 300 m resolution. The second experiment measured the F-region electric field as well as the high resolution E-region densities. For the third experiment the antenna was scanned magnetic north-south while only the E-region densities were measured. The experiments were carried out on 16 different nights for a period of 4 h each night at a time near magnetic midnight. Thin ionization layers were observed on 12 of the 16 nights. The first experiment demonstrated that the thin layers are composed of a significant fraction of heavy metallic ions; assuming the layers are composed of a mixture of Fe⁺ and Mg⁺ a composition estimate of 63% Fe⁺ was obtained in one example. The second experiment investigated the relationship between the direction of the electric field and the presence of the thin layers. In these observations thin layers were only present when the electric field was pointed in the magnetic north-west or south-west quadrants, most frequently when the field was near magnetic west. Correlation between layer altitude and field direction was also observed, layers occurring at higher altitudes for fields directed in the north-west, and lower altitudes for fields directed to the south-west. The observations are compatible with the electric field mechanism for thin ionization layer formation. The scanning experiment showed that the layers were of a limited latitudinal extent, typically about 100 km up to a maximum of about 200 km.     

咸阳国际机场出土唐代组玉佩室内清理、分析和复原

2009年7月,陕西省考古研究院在配合西安咸阳国际机场二期扩建工程M98号唐代墓葬的考古发掘中,出土了唐代玉佩饰一组。因条件所限,现场清理困难,为此在现场采用了石膏包封护提取法,将其转运回实验室进行微型发掘。根据组玉佩的保存状况,结合以往微型发掘的相关经验,对其进行逐层清理。通过和考古学者讨论,查阅有关唐代组玉佩方面的资料,圆满完成了组玉佩的复原工作。同时对组玉佩各个组件材质进行显微镜观察、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜能谱(SEM-EDS)科学分析,确定组玉佩金属挂钩为鎏金青铜质地;玉佩为透闪石质软玉;料珠为铅玻璃。但由于风化严重,淡绿色的玻璃表面被碳酸铅完全覆盖,目前整体呈白色;两端的坠为方解石。     

绉丝纱在中国古代纺织品修复中的应用

Crepeline是一种较为薄透的平纹丝织物,在欧美等国的纺织品文物保护中应用较为广泛,尤其对于脆弱丝织品的保护具有非常好的效果。近年来,此种织物在中国纺织品修复中的应用也日渐趋多。由于中国市场上无处购买该材料,为了降低成本并满足中国古代纺织品的修复需求,中国丝绸博物馆与浙江理工大学合作研发了该种修复用织物——绉丝纱。本研究介绍所研发绉丝纱的工艺参数和性能特点,及针对不同类别的中国古代纺织品,采用绉丝纱作为修复材料时的使用方法。即通常将其包覆于纺织品文物表面,以针线缝合的方式固定,并注意缝合时尽量减少针线穿过文物的次数。其包覆的形式,按包覆范围可分为整体包覆与局部包覆;按包覆方式可分为单面包覆、双面包覆及叠加包覆等。研究表明,绉丝纱包覆是一种值得推广的纺织品保护方法,尤其是对已无法承受针线过多穿缝力度的纺织品。如能够解决绉丝纱裁剪后的边缘脱线等细部问题,将会更加扩大其使用的范围。     

Scientific Philanthropy and Welfare Politics of Solidarity

So far, studies of Swedish 20th-century social policy have emphasized the differences between the voluntary aid common around 1900 and the solidarity of welfare policy at mid-century. Means tests have been described as central instruments in the voluntary social work, while the welfare state was built on general principles of care. The question is, however, if the differences between the earlier and later forms of social policy can be characterized in such simple terms. A comparison has been made of departure points found in the social policies of the two periods. The results confirm that a significantly new way of thinking had taken shape in the years around the Second World War, but the study also shows that that the ideas concerning the welfare state contain threads that can be traced back to the scientific philanthropy of a few years earlier. The idea of social engineering was nothing new, and the idea that rights could be exchanged for duties had still not been deserted in the 1940s. In conclusion it can be said that the welfare state and the welfare politics of solidarity in several respects were built upon the principles of care that were formulated in about 1900.     

试论古代铜镜镜面凸起的成因及其相关问题

通过对古代青铜镜的复制研究发现,古代铜镜镜面凸起的原因,是与镜背的镜钮、浮雕及镜缘等的大小及厚度有关。战国镜的镜钮既小又薄,其镜缘都是横截面较小的镜缘,可直接磨成平面,不致出现铸造缺陷。东汉至六朝之间,其镜钮都较大,为使磨制出的镜面没有铸造缺陷,须将镜面中心少磨削、外围多磨削。这样磨削加工的结果,就形成了镜面凸起。     

AN ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL STUDY OF 13TH‐CENTURY ARROWHEADS AND BOLTS FROM THE CRUSADER CASTLE OF ARSUF/ARSUR

Selected iron arrowheads and bolts retrieved from the destruction layer of the Crusader castle of Arsur/Arsuf, which was taken down by the Mamluk army (headed by Baybars) in late April 1265, were studied. Being the only site within the boundaries of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem that has thus far yielded more than 1200 iron arrowheads, an archaeometallurgical characterization was performed. The aim of this research was to study the warfare methods and manufacturing technologies used by the Mamluk and Crusader armies. Examination included optical microscopy, SEM and SEM–EDS, XPS and microhardness tests. Analysis was performed on both the metallic iron and iron oxides. Ferrous wooden ‘fossils’, which were found on and within the bolts, were dendroarchaeologically tested. The microstructure analyses show that the weapons were made of wrought iron. These results are correlated with the function of the weapons. The different microstructures of the arrowheads and the bolts indicate dissimilar manufacturing processes. The graphitization of the ropes on the bolts and the oxide phases on their surfaces both provide evidence of high‐temperature fire. The ropes support the archaeological findings that these devices were used by the Mamluks to set the Crusader castle on fire.