萨珊王朝沙不尔二世货币述略

本文原稿系作者用中文写成文中使用的一些名词和译名与祖国大陆的常用名称或通译略有不同,如沙不尔即沙普尔,公克即克,原文如此,不—一说明──编者。在萨珊王朝（２２４──６５１）悠长的历史中,沙不尔二世（３０９－３７９）可以说是一位有名的帝王,他不但把中衰的王朝由中兴带到极盛的路上,同时他在位时间很长,发行的钱币不仅多而且因为他向东扩张领土,结果使邻近诸国钱币型式都受到他的影响,因此沙不尔二世的钱币分类在萨珊王朝货币史中占有重要的地位。历史背景沙不尔二世（３０９－３７９）十六岁时开始亲政,是一位精明能…     

别品饷银初面世 珍稀疆银再添丁

喜爱新疆银币的泉友们都很熟悉迪化水磨沟银元局铸造的各种饷银钱币,这其中有很多大家都耳熟能详的珍稀币种,比如龙无圈系列币和蝙蝠系列币。最近我们在收集和整理饷银钱币的集藏过程中,发现一枚极为特殊的五钱币品,正面使用的是大名鼎鼎的斜回文单蝙蝠模具,而背为一条普通的无圈龙（见彩图）。     

陕西省博物馆馆藏的波斯萨珊银币

波斯帝国在世界古代史上占有重要的地位。波斯人在历史的长河中分别建立了三个影响深远的王朝,按年代先后分别是公元前550年建立的阿契美尼德王朝（Achaemenidl,历时二百一十九年;公元前247年建立的帕提亚王朝（Parthia）;另外就是接替它的萨珊王朝（Sasan）,萨珊建立于公元224年,历经四百二十七年．公元651年亡于阿拉伯帝国。     

关于对《叶尔芜汗国的银币与找零贴小钱》的一点看法——与储怀贞等先生商榷

在2009年第四期《新疆钱币》杂志上,储怀贞先生的文章《叶尔羌汗国的银币与找零贴小钱》一文中（以下简称《储文》）,关于叶尔羌汗国的银币一节,笔者认为似有不妥,特撰文与储怀贞先生等商榷。     

喀喇汗王朝钱币专家波·德·阔奇涅夫及其学术研究

喀喇汗王朝是9-13世纪以回鹘人（今维吾尔族的祖先）为主在塔里木盆地西部和帕米尔高原以北地区建立的政权。公元840年漠北回鹘汗国崩溃后,西迁今帕米尔高原以西地区的“葱岭西回鹘”联合葛逻禄等部建立了喀喇汗王朝,初以巴拉沙衮（今吉尔吉斯共和国伊塞克湖以西）为都城。王朝鼎盛时,其疆域北到巴尔喀什湖,西抵阿姆河,东面包括伊犁河,南达喀什、和田。1040—1041年,喀喇汗王朝分裂为东、西两大部分,西部以撒玛尔罕为首都,东部以喀什噶尔（今新疆喀什市）为首都。1134年,耶律大石进军中亚,进驻巴拉沙衮,喀喇汗王朝东、西两部分均成为西辽的附庸。公元1211年,东部喀喇汗王朝汗王在内乱中被杀,国土为乃蛮王子屈出律所篡夺的西辽占据。公元1212年,西部政权为花拉子模所灭。喀喇汗王朝前后存在了长达372年。对喀喇汗王朝历史化的研究一直是中亚史、新疆史研究中的一个重要内容和课题．[第一段]     

介绍两枚莫卧儿银币——兼与曹安庆先生商榷

《新疆钱币》2009年第4期发表了曹安庆先生的《莫卧尔帝国一卢比银币》一文（以下简称《曹文》）,看后很受启发。前些年,我在焉耆一藏友手中购得两枚莫卧儿银币（图1、图2）,经过认真的研究,对这两枚银币有了初步的认识。根据本人所掌握的知识,觉得《曹文》中有几处不妥之处,今撰文与之商榷。     

漫谈古印度钱币上的“小山符”

印度是一个历史悠久的文明古国。早在公元前两千年前后的印度河流域文明（又称“哈拉帕”文明）时代就留下了许多文字符号,据统计约有396个。从公元前6或5世纪至公元1世纪（即从列国时代,经孔雀王朝到后孔雀王朝）时期,仅在其压印式钱币上就出现了各种各样的符号达500多个。     

魅力独具的饷银四钱

在中国近代机制银币的大家庭中,有一种面值极为独特的银币,那就是清末光绪三十三年（公元1907年）开铸于新疆迪化水磨沟机器局附设银元局造的饷银四钱银币,这在全国其他各省是绝无仅有的。这种币由于采用了当时较为先进的国外进口设备所造,故而不但面值独特,且极为精致美观可爱。时至今日仍为广大钱币爱好者追求不已,由于这类饷银四钱在当时铸额有限,故留存至今者,非常稀见．     

“西郡太守”银币

前些时候,在北京钱币市场上见到一枚史称“西郡太守”的德拉玛(Dramma)银币,重2g,直径13-15mm,略呈椭圆形,见图1。     

谈新疆银币的真假识别

随着人们收藏意识的增强,收藏钱币的人越来愈多,因资源有限,档次高的银币供不应求,假品也趁机出笼。最早见有翻铸币,而今电脑机铸币也登场亮相。如何识别真假是银币收藏最为关心的话题。下面就近几年来在钱币市场上见闻的真假银币作以探讨,供疆银爱好共飨。     

THE TIME OF THE SELF AND THE TIME OF THE OTHER

What is time? This essay offers an attempt to think again about this oldest of philosophical questions by engaging David Hoy's recent book, The Time of Our Lives: A Critical History of Temporality, which proposes a “history of time‐consciousness” in twentieth‐century European philosophy. Hoy's book traces the turn‐of‐the‐century debate between Husserl and Bergson about the different senses of time across the various configurations of hermeneutics, deconstruction, poststructuralism, and feminist theory. For him, what is at stake in such a project is to distinguish between the scientific‐objective “time of the universe” and the phenomenology of human temporality, “the time of our lives.” Hoy's approach is to organize his book around the three tenses of time—past/present/future—and to view objective‐scientific time as derived from the more primordial forms of temporalizing lived experience that occur in our interpretation of time. In my reading of Hoy's work, I attempt to explore how “time” (lived, experiential, phenomenological) can be read not in terms of “consciousness” (Hoy's thematic), but in terms of the self's relationship with an Other. That is, my aim is less to establish a continental tradition about time‐consciousness, understood through the methods of genealogy, phenomenology, or critical theory, than it is to situate the problem of time in terms of an ethics of the Other. In simple terms, I read Hoy's project as too bound up with an egological interpretation of consciousness. By reflecting on time through the relationship to the Other rather than as a mode of the self's own “time‐consciousness,” I attempt to think through the ethical consequences for understanding temporality and its connection to justice.     

人地关系观、规划观的历史轨迹初探——兼论城市规划观的未来趋向

本文探讨了人地关系观及规划观的历史演变,结合后现代主义思潮,对城市规划今后发展方向提出一系列建议。     

“中华民国中央银行钞票”揭秘

“中华民国中央银行钞票”存世极少,十分珍贵。其面值见有壹元、五元两种(插二下),其中壹元票长144,宽89mm;五元票长160,宽92mm。钞票正面,上端均为篆书“中华民国中央银行钞票”、下侧均有篆书“中央银行发行”字样,中间则分别为隶书“壹元”或“五元”之面值,四角分别有“壹”和“1”或“五”和“5”的面值数,底纹均为由无数“中央银行”小字纵向排列而成的放光芒图案;钞票背面,中间分别为“壹元”或“五元”面值,面值两侧分别有“1”或“5”字面值数。吴筹中先生曾在1990年第三期《中国钱币》上刊出过一张五元票的黑白图版,当时他认为是…     

THE LOCATION OF THE TREASURY OF ATREUS

Summary.   The Treasury of Atreus, the largest and most impressive of the nine tholos tombs found at Mycenae, stands by itself at the southern edge of a bowl in the east slope of the Panagia ridge. This paper argues that the tomb was constructed on this particular spot so that it would be seen from the trackways/roads that led to Mycenae from the east, south-east and south-west and from the main pathway to the palace. The view of the acropolis hill and Mt. Profitis Ilias from the space occupied by the earthen mound above the tholos also appears to have influenced the choice of location. It is suggested that the position of the Treasury of Atreus was, like the tomb itself, a political statement, calculated to show that the ruler who built the tomb succeeded in extending the territory of Mycenae across the central Argolid.     

THE STATUE OF THE GOODESS OF MERCY

TheGoddessofMercyinthePotalaPalace,measuring93cmhighand10cmwide,enjoysfameasgreatasthestatueofSakyamuni,thefounderofBuddhismintheJokhangMonaSteryThisisbecausetheTibetansbelievetheGoddessofMercyisthegoddessfromwhomSongtsanGambowasreincamatedtosavetheTibetans.CreatedintheearlydaysoftheTuboKingdom,thestatuehasbeenstandinginthePotalaPalaceformorethan1,360years.Althoughitsufferedfromtheransackingthatfollowedeachwar,itwasretumedtothepalacemiraculouslyintheend.DuringthereignofTuboKingDarmaW…     

THE CENTENNIAL OF THE FOUNDING OF THE ASKANIYA-NOVA NATURE RESERVE

This article traces the history of the creation and early precarious existence of the oldest Soviet nature reserve, Askaniya-Nova in the Ukraine, and represents part of the ongoing Soviet re-assessment of environmental history in that country (for a Western view, see [60]). It describes the protracted conflict between preservationist and utilitarian perspectives on land use in the reserve, the latter gaining ascendancy during the 1930s under Lysenko and Stalin. Of special interest is coverage of post-war “restoration” at the reserve, or more specifically, the continuation of less than ideal conditions up to the present (translated by Elliott B. Urdang, Providence, RI 02906).     

尼罗河畔文明物语

<正>尼罗河是埃及的母亲河,准确说更是生命线,一条郁郁葱葱的绿色生命线,置于茫茫的沙漠之中。埃及90%的人口,生活在这全国1/30国土的尼罗河畔。这条河见证了埃及古老文明的形成和兴旺,主导了两岸生灵的繁荣与衰落。跟随这条河,人们在历史的时空穿梭,跨过河上河下,遍看古代现代,游走神庙田舍,拥抱沙漠绿洲。我们在阿斯旺下火车,行李直接就送到斯蒂芬妮游轮了,我们要在尼罗河上航行三日,这是期盼许久的心念。有多久呢?算起来有40年了。自从1978年电影《尼罗河上的惨案》     

PROBLEMS OF THE LEVEL OF THE CASPIAN AND THE STABILITY OF ITS SHORELINE

The first of two papers on the problem of forecasting the level of the Caspian Sea evaluates factors widely believed to have been responsible for its lowering during much of the present century (including tectonic movements, climatic cycles, human activity). It concludes that previous forecasts have been inaccurate because of the failure to adequately model the complexity of processes involved, specifically the internal mechanisms of “self-regulation” of water levels. Continuation of the recent slight rise in the Caspian's level is predicted at least into the early 1990s (translated by Andrew R. Bond).