从程氏家族续谱建祠看当前农村宗族复兴

我国是个宗族传统浓厚的国度,近代以来,农村宗族势力受到严重打击并走向衰落。但自改革开放后,宗族出现"回潮"现象。本文基于对江西省T县程氏宗族续谱建祠的个案调查及剖析,探讨在当代农村社会政治、经济、文化等各方面经历剧烈变迁的宏阔背景下宗族复兴的原因。最后提出当前的宗族复兴不是对传统宗族的复制,表现出"新宗族"的形式。     

明清时期华南地区乡村聚落的宗族化与军事化--以赣南乡村围寨为中心

自明中叶以迄清代,由于险恶的地理生态环境和长期的社会动荡,赣南乡村居民自发地构筑大量用于军事防卫的乡村围寨,于是形成广泛而持续的筑寨建围运动。伴随着乡村围寨的构筑和乡族武装力量的崛起,乡族势力尤其是宗族的力量得到不断的发展,并日益地军事化和割据化,逐渐成为乡村社会中非常成熟的支配力量。乡村宗族构筑围寨,“聚族自保”,直接地导致“聚族而居”聚居聚落的形成,聚居宗族也得以强化,这展示了赣南乃至整个华南地区宗族发达并与村落重叠这一普遍而显著的社会人文现象的历史形成过程。     

试论魏晋隋唐时期的宗族政策

魏晋南北朝时期,既是中古宗族势力发展的顶点,也是其由盛而衰的转折点。各王朝在巩固与发展的过程中,一方面虽然必须借助于宗族与士族势力的支持;另一方面,它们都与异己的宗族与士族势力进行着强力的较量,并开始清理宗族势力在乡村社会中的根基。就其宗族政策而言,魏晋以依托为主,南北朝以收拢为主;收拢之力度南不如北。至隋唐时期,旧式宗族逐渐消解,新式宗族开始登上历史舞台,隋唐王朝则从制度上完成了对宗族这一社会力量的有效分解与钳制。在隋唐宗族政策的冲击下,中古宗族的政治与军事功能逐渐消退,经济互助功能以及血缘凝聚力的效能与影响明显逊于前代,宗族威权发生蜕变,开始了向近古新型宗族的演进。     

弗里德曼模式与中国宗族社会史研究

弗里德曼模式是从乡村社会、社会分化与国家一宗族关系视角研究中国宗族社会的。尽管弗里德曼模式存在着忽视中国亲属关系本土性特征的问题,但弗里德曼所建构的中国宗族结构模式仍然反映了中国宗族社会的基本结构特点。近年来对弗里德曼模式的批评并未真正颠覆弗里德曼模式,弗里德曼模式仍然可以作为中国宗族社会史研究的有效理论工具。     

近十年晚清民国以来宗族研究综述

晚清民国以来宗族的研究有了明显的进展,在宗族社会变迁、宗族近代化、城市宗族研究方面都出版了专著,研究者还注意从区域入手探讨宗族,深入研究长江中下游、广东、福建、安徽等地宗族,极大改变了以往近现代宗族研究的薄弱状况.华北宗族的研究引起人类学与历史学学者的重视,客家宗族研究形成高潮,人类学者关注当代宗族.当代宗族复兴的研究方面,宗族与乡村自治的探讨成绩突出.     

继嗣与继产:明清以来徽州宗族的族内过继

族内过继是明清以来徽州社会延续宗族世系的主流做法,虽然也存在异姓继承方式,但仅是少数家庭的选择。徽州宗族在遵循国家法的前提下,从继子的人选到如何上谱书写都作了比较详尽的规定,并载入族规家法以为定例,从而在一定程度上规范了族内过继行为。现存徽州过继文书具有丰富的内容,再现了族内过继的具体实态,而过继文书的订立,意味着过继得到了宗族的承认,继子获得了合法地位,宗族也试图通过文书把继子应享有的权利及应履行的义务规定下来,以避免当事人日后产生纠纷,我们从中能够看到徽州宗族对乡村社会控制权的不断强化。     

徽州宗族研究研究概述

传统徽州是一个宗族体系,因此徽州宗族的研究是徽州学的基础,徽州宗族的研究也有助于我们加深对整体中国国情的认识,半个世纪以来,中外学对徽州宗族展开了多层次,多角度,多学科的研究,取得了丰硕成果,徽州宗族的资料积累也十分丰富,在新世纪开始之际有必要对徽州宗族研究一学术回顾和学术总结,以便在更高的层面上发展徽州学。     

清代徽州族长的权力简论

族长是清代徽州宗族内部的最高领导者,对宗族内外事务拥有较大的控制权。这些权力主要包括宗族祭祀权、族内事务主持监督权、族内纠纷调处裁判权、对宗族经济生活的控制权、对族人的处罚惩治权、宗族对外交涉权等。由于族长拥权较重,徽州宗族在族内制度设计时对族长制订了一些防范、惩罚措施,这在一定程度上有利于遏制宗族自治中的不利因素,使徽州宗族社会秩序沿着相对较为健康有序的轨道惯性推进。     

晚清时期广州府乡村社会救济初探——以民间义赈为中心

晚清时期,由于战乱频发、连年灾荒,广州府官方赈济功能日渐式微。与此同时,该府民间义赈得到了迅速的发展,乡绅、宗族、善堂善会通过设义仓、捐谷、施医赠药、平粜等救助形式,予以自救能力较差的乡民不时之需,构成乡村救济事业中的有力支柱。本文通过考察乡绅、宗族、善堂善会三个主体的赈济活动,对晚清广州府的乡村社会救济进行初探。     

近十年明清宗族研究综述

明清时期断代性综合研究以及闽粤、长江中游(鄂湘赣)、江南(江浙皖)、北方(晋冀鲁豫陕)的地域性宗族研究,展示出明清时期宗族组织普及的时间差与区域分布,地域性宗族的特殊性和一般性。最有挑战性的是华北宗族研究,北方宗族形态的特色日渐清晰。受到乡约保甲的深刻影响,明代宗族乡约化,清代宗族受保甲影响出现族正,在闽台地区深入基层社会。宗族研究不应忽略族学、书院等地方文化内容。宗族的形成发展也与移民、开发联系在一起,祖先传说的故事结合地方社会才能深刻理解。解析祖先故事成为宗族研究的重要途径,族谱世系的早期部分也焕发出新的资料价值。田野调查与改变解读史料的方式在宗族研究中十分必要。     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.