旅游工艺品商品化与真实性探讨

现在旅游工艺品的生产和营销,已经成为旅游业中一个增长迅速且日益重要的领域,但是相关的研究明显不足。早期的旅游研究者倾向于批评或者贬低旅游工艺品,没有将它们视为社会和人们的正常需求。随着二战以后大众旅游的兴起,以及由此引发的对旅游现象的深入研究,人们开始关注旅游工艺品领域。     

Punctuated Equilibrium Theory and the Diffusion of Innovations

This article builds on punctuated equilibrium theory to evaluate the diffusion of public policy innovations in the United States. The article argues that punctuated equilibrium theory provides a unifying framework for understating three mechanisms leading to the diffusion of innovations: gradual policy diffusion driven by incremental policy emulation, rapid state‐to‐state diffusion driven by policy imitation and mimicking, and nearly immediate policy diffusion driven by state‐level responses to a common exogenous shock. Drawing upon the Bass mixed influence diffusion model, this research generates measures of the coefficients of external and internal influences for diffusion for 81 public policy innovations that have spread across the United States. The article then evaluates how the policy image and direct participation of the federal government contribute to distinct patterns of diffusion over time.     

Strategic Considerations for Innovation and Commercialization in the US Biotechnology Sector

This paper examines the importance of alliances as an innovation strategy utilized by US biotechnology firms. In doing so, the role of alliances with universities vis-à-vis alliances with industrial companies is emphasized. The biotechnology sector is dominated by few large and many small firms. The small firms are research focused or technology developers. Several large firms are now integrated biopharmaceutical companies. Very few small firms can survive without strengthening their relationships with universities, biotechnology or pharmaceutical or other large companies. These relationships range from licensing agreements, export–import connections to various forms of alliances for R&D, product development and marketing. Large firms supplement in-house R&D by acquiring research products and/or new technologies from small firms as well as universities. A survey of US biotechnology companies is used to show the emergence of alliance relationships, which continue to highlight university linkages, emphasize connections of biotechnology firms with other biotechnology entrepreneurs, and an ongoing effort to build a synergistic relationship with pharmaceutical or other large companies. Most linkages are not confined to the local area; the main locational attribute is the science base or the labour market.     

Innovations,food storage and the origins of agriculture

Abstract

The global phenomenon of the birth of agriculture remains an enigma and challenges the role of food storage. Much has been written about their invention. A general explanation is needed for its progression in various parts of the world, which is both sociologically based and founded on the archaeological data. This task led Alain Testart to claim that it was by developing their existing skill sets (foraging, pottery, food storage and small-scale agriculture) that nomadic hunter-gatherers, burdened by an increasingly diverse set of tools and equipment, became sedentary. This sedentarism in turn allowed them to specialise in those activities, which had (literally) weighed them down: notably, breeding the first plant cultivars and, often, storing food.     

旅游科学研究的阶段特征、演化方向与创新空间

改革开放30年以来,中国旅游产业的发展取得了一系列显著成绩,国内旅游学科建设也初步形成了有中国特色的旅游学科体系和理论框架。伴随我国旅游业进入大众旅游：匆主要特征的发展阶段,系统地、战略性地提出旅游发展理论,是明晰旅游业可持续发展的根本动力的基本要求,也是本文系统梳理旅游科学研究的发展脉络和阶段待征、提出未来旅游科学研究的创新空间的根本意图。     

《新疆年鉴》的探索、创新与发展

《新疆年鉴》创刊20年来,不断探索框架结构最佳设计方案,力争做到常编常新;不断采取措施,努力提高整体质量,收到较好效果。今后,《新疆年鉴》将坚持以正确思想作指导,与时俱进,不断创新,完善、发扬自己的特色和风格。     

Innovations in the afterlife of the Cold War: German-language human geography

This commentary will coalesce around two main points. First, the articles by Markus Hesse on urban geography, by Annika Mattissek and Georg Glasze on recent developments in discourse-analytic approaches, and by Ulrich Best on the genealogy of radical–Marxist or critical German-language geography all support the contention that key features of Germanophone human geography still mark it out as a ‘Cold War’ human geography. As will become clear, this contention goes well beyond noting the marginality (until recently) of radical–Marxist positions (Belina, B., Best, U., & Naumann, M. (2009). Critical geography in Germany: From exclusion to inclusion via internationalization. Social Geography, 4, 47–58). Second, I will argue that although this configuration has had real costs, including both analytic and ‘civic’ deficits, it has also allowed the development of distinctive strengths and innovative emphases in human geographic research that can and should be engaged by other sub-communities in the international discourse.     

文化遗产旅游商业化的路径依赖理论模型

文化遗产地的旅游发展部逃脱不了这样的一个发展模式：遗产被“发现”、被包装后推向市场,开始走入现代化的发展道路,起到了地区经济的带动效益,但最终又不免陷入“过度商业化”的困境。本文总结了遗产地旅游商业化的动态过程,通过旅游开发中。文化资本和经济资本的转化,对遗产资源开发的商业化作了理论阐述,提出文化遗产旅游商业化“路径”依赖的假说,并建立遗产地旅游商业化发展的理论模型。     

前工业社会中的城市市场结构与市场导向的商业化

市场和商业化是中国和英格兰等许多前工业社会的常见现象 ,但在中国 ,农村市场结构和自给型商业化长期处于主导地位 ,没有像英格兰那样在中世纪晚期和现代早期转变为城市市场结构和市场导向的商业化。市场结构的性质对两国早期现代化过程中商业化的发展路径 ,提供了截然不同的体制性角色     

Waiting for Miracles: The Commercialization of Urban Water Services in Zambia

This article focuses on the commercialization of urban water services in Zambia. It aims to demonstrate the tension between cost recovery and service extension when water sector reforms combine investment cuts with price increases. It is argued that in low‐income economies where infrastructure limitations are serious and poverty is widespread, heavy reliance on ‘tariff rationalization’ with low levels of investment can lead to reduced access to water and render water charges unaffordable. Reforms to public services can prove futile in the absence of upfront resources for investment in the restoration and extension of the existing infrastructure. In many ways, Zambia typifies other low‐income economies; this study thus offers useful lessons for them.     

展创新特色,记精彩缩影--《深圳保税区管理志》简评

保税区是继经济特区、经济技术开发区之后,经国务院批准设立的、开放层次最高的海关监管特殊经济区域。深圳经济特区是最早创建保税区并最早进入实际运作的地区。早在1986年,深圳市就开始对创建保税区模式进行探索,先后建立了3个在功能开发、管理体制、运作机制等方面各有特色的保税区,形成了集加工、生产、物流、研发于一体的多功能经济区域,为深圳经济和社会发展做出了积极贡献。可以说,深圳保税区的发展历史,是我国保税区发展历史的一个精彩缩影。深圳保税区管理局决定编纂专志记述3个保税区的历史与现状,总结其历史经验,是极富远见卓识之举。下面仅就该志的主要特色,略加评述。     

党的第三代领导集体理论创新的时代背景和重大意义

党的第三代领导集体形成以来的十多年间,国际国内形势都发生了重大的变化,时代的发展呼唤着理论创新。"三个代表"重要思想顺应了时代的要求,回答了在新的历史条件下"建设一个什么样的党和怎样建设党"的时代课题。"三个代表"重要思想是我们党的第三代中央领导集体的理论创新成果的最高概括,是科学社会主义理论在当代中国的新的表现形式,是与马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论一脉相承的统一的科学体系。