A CITY OF TENANTS: HOMEOWNERSHIP AND SOCIAL CLASS IN MONTREAL, 1847–1881

Over the years 1847 to 1881, as Montreal industrialized, the rate of homeownership declined from 31.6 per cent to 14.7 per cent. From a selection of occupations representative of social classes, it is shown that the large working class was dispossessed, while homeownership increased among the bourgeoisie. Distinctive occupational profiles are reported for homeowners, absentee owners, and resident owners of duplexes and their tenants.
Au cours de la période d'industrialisation des années 1847 à 1881, Montréal est devenue une ville de loca-laires. Le pourcentage de propriétaires-occupants a chuté de 3 7,6 pour cent à 14,7 pour cent. A partir d'un èchantillon des occupations qui caractérisent chaque classe sociale, on découvre que chez les ouvriers le taux a fortement diminué, alors que dans la bourgeoisie il a augmenté. On trace le profil socio-professionnel de plu-sieurs catégories de propriétaires et de locataires, en dis-tinguant le propriétaire-occupant du non-occupant, I'habitat unifamilial du duplex.     

EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC VARIATIONS ON WATER WITHDRAWALS IN METROPOLITAN TORONTO

In this pilot study of water withdrawals in Metropolitan Toronto, a quantitative assessment of the impact of weather and climate variations on t 980-3 water use is presented. Variations in daily water use were positively correlated with temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and climatic water deficit, and negatively correlated with summer precipitation. This kind of information will be useful to policy makers, who will have to plan for a future climate that may be different from today's if the 'greenhouse effect' does indeed create a warmer, drier environment in the Great Lakes region.
On décrit une étude-pilote sur les retraits d'eau dans le grand Toronto. Elle vise à quantifier l'effet des variations météorologiques et climatiques sur l'utilisation d'eau en 1980-3. l'utilisation d'eau est directement proportionnelle à la température, à l'évapotranspiration éventuelle et au déficit en eau du climat, mais inversement proportionnelle aux précipitations d'été. Ce genre d'information sera utile aux autorités compétentes qui devront établir des plans en fonction d'un climat qui sera peut-être différent de celui d'aujourd'hui, si l'éffet de serre' engendre effectivement un milieu plus chaud et plus sec dans la région des Grands Lacs.     

THE EFFECTS OF LOCAL TAXES AND PUBLIC SERVICES ON RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS*

ABSTRACT. This paper incorporates an exogenous taxing and service-providing public sector into a dynamic residential land-use model in order to examine how local-government fiscal policies alter the pace and pattern of residential development. The model is used to derive the comparative-dynamic responses to variations in the income, sales, and property taxes and public-service time paths. The results show how tax and expenditure effects systematically depend upon the anticipated relative growth rates in rents to alternative uses and vary across locations within a given urban area as well as across urban areas themselves.     

THE COMPARATIVE STATIC RESPONSE OF RENTAL HOUSING TO A PRICE CHANGE: INFLATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY*

ABSTRACT. A two period consumer choice model is presented in which housing is treated as a quality differentiated good. The short-run comparative static response of rental housing to a price change is examined via an example, an exogenous increase in the inflation rate. Two stylized facts are alternately used; interest income is taxed, and interest rate ceilings are imposed on small savings deposits. The partial equilibrium distributional impact of inflation, in the context of rental housing markets, is also discussed.     

FOOD AND DRINK FOR THE KING, QUEEN, OFFICIALS AND ANCESTORS IN THE HOUSE OF THE LADY IN GIRSU

In JAC 16 I have discussed the development of the House of the lady in Girsu from the rule of Enentarzi to Lugalanda according to the ration lists of the House, and concluded that Urukagina was the legal successor of Lugalanda and there might not be the so-called ＂reforms of Urukagina＂ in Lagash and Girsu. That was the first part of my studies on the administrative texts from Girsu. In JAC 19 I have investigated, according to the donkey fodder rations which are recorded in the first part of the List of Monthly Barley-Wheat Distributions and Allowances （ξe-gar ziz-gar sa-dug4 itid-da）, the sorts, number and fodders of the donkeys from the rule of Enentarzi to the last years of Urukagina and found that from Urukagina Year 5, ii （2nd month）, the daily fodders and the number of various donkeys were greatly reduced.     

FLEXIBLE SPECIALIZATION, UNCERTAINTY, AND THE FIRM: ENTERPRISE STRATEGIES IN THE WOOD REMANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF THE VANCOUVER METROPOLITAN AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

In this paper, we articulate the relationships between strategies of flexible specialization, uncertainty, and the firm in order to emphasize the internal differentiation of flexibly specialized regions. Conceptually, the paper argues that this variability is an implication of uncertainty which has been neglected in the literature. In particular, in response to uncertainty, firms develop different types of flexibility with respect to production, technology, and employment in sometimes novel ways that do not correspond to ideal types. Empirically, the argument is demonstrated through a detailed examination of several case study firms operating in the wood remanufacturing industry of the Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia.
Ceffe étude montre comment s'amculent les relations entre les stratégies de spécialisation flexible, les incertitudes du marché et la firme afin de souligner les différenciations à l'intérieur des régions à spécialisation flexible. De façon conceptuelle, on discutera ici du fait que la variabilité découle de l'incertitude du marché, point sur lequel on n'a pas beaucoup écrit. Notamment, pour répondre à l'incertitude, les firmes développent des types différents de flexibilityé portant sur la production, la technologie et la main-d'oeuvre par des moyens quelquefois innovateurs qui ne correspondent pas à des critères idéals. La démonstration est faite, de façon empirique, par un examen détaillé de plusieurs cas de compagnies de I'industrie manufacturière du bois d'oeuvre de la région du Vancouver métropolitain, en Colombie-Britan-nique.
Mots-clés: Spécialisation flexible, incertitudes du marché, industrie manufacturière du bois, stratégic de I'entreprise, Vancouver.     

试论明中、后期的私铸与物价

1．明中期私铸盛行下的物价明初,太祖洪武二十七年八月,实行纯纸币流通制度,开始禁用铜钱①。明初曾出现的私铸,遂因止用钱而暂歇。自洪武三十一年太祖崩起,至万历朝之前共经十二朝,历时174年,据明各朝《实录》、《明会典》     

THE LAW OF ONE PRICE IN A NETWORK: ARBITRAGE AND PRICE DYNAMICS IN NATURAL GAS CITY GATE MARKETS*

ABSTRACT. In this paper we develop a model of the law of one price in a network where many markets are linked with a structure of paths. We show that arbitrage-free prices depend on the structure of the network and so do price dynamics. Our estimates indicate that local bypass and open access pipeline transportation were instrumental in opening arbitrage paths to natural gas city markets and causing their prices to converge. Spot markets in the city gates, pipeline hubs, and production fields, that are scattered over distant points in the vast pipeline network in the United States, now form a single market.     

光绪年间的钱贵银贱与江南制造局铸钱

一清光绪年间,钱贵银贱,银两、银元兑钱数继续减少,成为当时的主要货币问题之一。以上海为例,光绪三年十月初九日(1877年11月13日)鹰洋每元可易制钱1019文;而初六、初七日鹰洋一元的换钱数还不到千文。①光绪二十年中日甲午战争以后,钱价更为高涨。光绪二十一年,鹰洋一元的换钱数,“渐减至九百数十文,甚有减至八百数十文者。无论贫富,咸受亏耗,实为数十年来所仅见。”②用洋钱买物,如不到一元,须要找钱,至少要买到五六百文,卖者才肯找。民间以洋钱换钱,先要用大洋换小洋(银角),再用小洋换钱。“以大洋换小洋,已吃亏数文十余文不等,再以小洋…     

南宁市房地产价格分布规律的机助制图研究与开发方向的探讨

南宁市房地产业经历了由沉寂、复苏、火爆到稳步发展的过程．各公司开发的房屋类型相近,但价格差异却很大,价格分布呈现明显的规律性：一是城市中心价格高,边缘与郊区价格低;二是东部城区价格高,西部城区价格低．主导价格分布规律的三大影响因子是地理位置、交通便捷程度和生态环境质量．南宁今后的房地产开发和城市规划建设一要顺应价格分布规律,优地优用、保障房地产开发的高效益;二要加强交通设施建设和环境保护．促进全市房地产的升值;三要因势利导,发展城市副中心,逐步形成多中心的城市建设格局。     

PARTISANSHIP, IDEOLOGY, AND CONSTITUENCY DIFFERENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES: 1973–78

Three cross-sectional data sets for the U.S. House of Representatives are analyzed for 1973 to 1978. The conclusions are: (1) Political support for environmental legislation has remained stable and has not diminished in the face of economic problems and energy shortages. (2) The East is the region most supportive of environmental issues while the South is by far the least supportive. (3) Clear partisan differences exist with the Democrats consistently more pro-environmental than Republicans. (4) The most important factor associated with environmental support is ideology. Although interrelated with party, it is more salient than either party or constituency factors. (5) Support for pro-environmental voting is strongest in urban and suburban constituencies and weakest in rural and mixed districts.