“诗妓”薛涛 谁解我风流？

多彩的大唐盛世出了若干位女诗人。其中两位名妓、两位道士被人誉为“唐代四大女诗人”,薛涛便是其一。薛涛在成都长大、生活直至去世,曾与白居易等大唐顶尖的诗人唱和对诗,她的交往圈子中亦不乏朝廷宰辅。从她“门前车马半诸侯”的传奇一生中,我们约略可以触摸到唐代妓女、才女的精神与生活轨迹。     

关于唐代出宫人的几个问题

本文通过对唐代出宫人数量、背景和原因、地点与被安置地点等的考察,认为唐代的后宫规模是相当庞大的,皇帝、大臣和自然灾害在出宫人的过程中扮演了不同的角色,而对于被放出的宫人,由于其家庭背景不同,即使获得了人生自由,有的依然前途未卜。     

“饮中八仙”之聚散与天宝文学走向

“饮中八仙”是天宝初期形成的文人羣体,嗜酒、狂放、风神、才艺等共同特徵,是该苇体得以形成的关键因素。其存在时间从天宝元年秋末到天宝三年春初,只有一年又三个月。“饮中八仙”中,除了李适之确实与李林甫有政治上的交锋外,目前尚无证据表明贺知章、李述、李白、崔宗之等人参与了李适之与李林甫的斗争。但是,“饮中八仙”的交往,使他们陷入了微妙的政治猜忌,最终被迫解体。“饮中八仙”的解体,对天宝文学的发展走向产生了深刻影响,具体表现为三个方面：一,开元以来统治集团的尚文传统在天宝时期逐渐失落。二,文人聚集方式发生了变化,天宝时期普通文人与执政的宰辅大臣之间相当疏离,他们更多散落在各地,形成大小不一、数量众多的文学军落。三,天宝文学的内容和题材与此前相比,发生了明显的变化。     

北宋老年宰辅简论

<正>长期以来,以年龄划分社会群体的研究相对比较薄弱,特别是老人群体的研究。近日在阅读《宋史》、《宋宰辅编年录校补》等资料的过程中,笔者关注到北宋宰辅中大量的老年官员。本文将这些老年     

违背民意的荒唐禁令

唐代是李姓天下,因“李”、“鲤”同音,“鲤”成了皇族的象征。皇室之中以“鲤”为佩,一般兵符是“虎符”,唐代则改用“鲤符”,皇帝把“佩鲤”赏给大臣以显尊贵;并明令民间禁捕、禁卖、禁食鲤鱼,     

官场圣人范仲淹

正第九章重返京师 35任职谏官明道二年(1033年)三月二十九日,垂帘听政十一年的刘太后驾崩于宝慈殿,未对仁宗皇帝留下任何遗言,只留下了一份书面遗嘱:"尊太妃为皇太后,凡军国大事皇帝要与太后裁夺处置。"三十日早上,仁宗皇帝接见宰辅大臣时哭着说:"……因为太后病情严重,临终前已不能开口说话,只是屡次拉拽自己身上的衣服,好像有什么嘱咐,朕却不知太后的心意……"参知政事薛奎不动声色地说:"太后大概是在意她身上的衮冕服吧,太后穿戴天子的衮冕服临终,怎么去见先帝?"     

北宋宰辅朝政笔记研究

北宋诸多史料笔记中,有一类由当朝宰辅①私下撰写的政事笔记,姑且称之谓宰辅朝政笔记.由于作者的特殊身份,笔记内容多涉及日常政务、军国大事等朝廷机要.研究此类笔记的形成、撰写目的、主要特点、对官私史书的影响及其史料价值,对于今天更好地运用宋代历史文献和研究宋史当不无裨益.     

论清末内阁协理大臣的增设及朝野之反应

立宪各国均无增设内阁协理大臣之理,而中国在清末责任内阁的"筹划试行"中却开此先例。其原因极为复杂,它既与军机大臣相互牵制、安置裁员密切相关,又与中国幅员辽阔、总理大臣一人难以全盘负责紧密相联,更与袁世凯等地方督抚为维护其权益,以及繁杂的预备立宪事宜等不无关系。这些错综复杂的因素,导致在清末增设内阁协理大臣的过程中,既有反对者以立宪原理中无增设协理大臣之理而进行的抵制,同时又有协理大臣名额及其遴选之争。最终在朝野各方面强烈的博弈下,奕劻增设协理大臣的建议获得了清廷的批准。     

郑注：江湖奇人搅动中晚唐政局

<正>唐代后期,宦官专权、朋党之争、藩镇割据威胁国本,为害甚深,愈演愈烈,成为始终难以根除的三大毒瘤。唐宪宗至唐文宗时期,朝局错综复杂,郑注骤然从江湖之远杀入庙堂之高,在夹缝中野蛮生长、崛起,纠集起一股强大的政治势力。郑注出身草莽之间,以医术游走四方,本来穷困潦倒,却依仗阴诡行径、精湛口辩,攀藩镇,附阉寺,谄君上,呼风唤雨,左右逢源。数年间,他携手李训制衡权患,遍敌群臣,连逐三相,几为宰辅。郑注如同妖魔鬼魅,在黑幕中施展诡道,屡屡得手,只因政治盟友的猜忌,     

略论唐代的南朝化倾向

略论唐代的南朝化倾向牟发松唐代社会曾经发生重大的变化,对于这一点,中外史家几乎都没有异议。但唐代究竟发生了哪些变化,这些变化何以发生,变化的意义何在,史学界仍存在着严重的分歧①。业师唐长孺教授在其新著《魏晋南北朝隋唐史三论》（以下简称《三论》）一书中...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.