Revealing the city in maps: Bath seen, built, and imagined

Putting Bath on the Map is an exhibition of maps of the City of Bath displayed in the Building of Bath Collection. The maps are considered in the context of the permanent collection of the museum which examines how buildings were constructed in the eighteenth-century city. The exhibition reviews how buildings moved from conception, as shown on maps and in architectural texts, through legal, financial, and material processes to take their place in the landscape. This essay considers the display of particular maps, such as Joseph Gilmore's (1694), and John Wood's (1735), and the recent city initiative to improve its signage maps to help visitors and citizens build mental maps of the historic city.     

《回鹘文献与回鹘文化》评介

近些年来,在从事突厥、回鹘史研究的学中,杨富学先生尤其引人瞩目。这并不仅仅是因为他已有许多论问世,而是因为他除了具有坚实的史学理论功底外,还兼通回鹘语,能够运用回鹘史料展开研究。国内研究突厥、回鹘史的学中,通突厥、回鹘语寥寥。相比之下,杨富学先生以其所长而显得颇具实力。     

"Yea, I have a goodly heritage": health versus heredity in the Fitter Family contests, 1920-1928

By the 1920s, the future of the middle-class family had become a topic of great concern for mainstream Americans. This widespread concern led to a new acceptance of the discussion of sexual and marital issues in print and in public. Within this public discussion, eugenicists, physicians, clerics, sociologists, and various others offered solutions to the questions and concerns of their rapidly changing society. The Fitter Family contests, sponsored by eugenicists and held at state fairs in the 1920s, reflected these public and professional anxieties. Though infused with eugenic ideas about race betterment through better breeding, the contests were equally concerned with improving the health of individuals and strengthening American families.     

Geneva's future: reflections on the role of a values‐based city

In a world where most of the great cities are heavily branding themselves to compete for lucrativebusiness, political and sporting events, what future role is there for an international values‐based city like Geneva? This article reflects on the history of ideas that have taken root in Geneva over the centuries and suggests how they might be actively re‐positioned to give the city continuing relevance in the coming century. It looks at eleven political and practical ideas that have hadimportant manifestations in Geneva and have been embodied in some of its international organizations, notably: freedom of movement; free thinking; political self‐determination; compassionate warfare; peace and trade among others. It then argues that, in order to survive as a leading international city, Geneva must develop real expertise on these big‐hitting political issues, improve its ability to deliver on them and create a dynamic alliance of other internationalist valuesbased cities around the world which can mobilize similar concerns and embody a similarly Genevan model of international space.     

Habitat II: city summit to forge the future of human settlements in an urbanizing world

Half of the world's population will be living in cities by the year 2000. 40% of urban residents worldwide, however, do not have access to safe drinking water or adequate sanitation and more than 60% of urban residents in some areas live in poverty. Unemployment, homelessness, growing insecurity, rising pollution, and increasing vulnerability to disaster abound in cities. To discuss what can be done to cope with the overwhelming tide of urbanization, UN Member States will convene in Istanbul during June 3-14, 1996, for the second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II). This paper describes advances since the first UN Conference on Human Settlements held in Vancouver in 1976, the aims of Habitat II, urbanization, the Habitat agenda, new partnerships, best practices, final preparations, goals and principles, commitments and action, and ten policies capable of making a difference with regard to sustainable human settlements.     

"Fitter families for future firesides": Florence Sherbon and popular eugenics

In the 1920s, eugenicists adapted public health contests to create "Fitter Family for Future Firesides" contests. Designed by Mary T. Watts and Dr. Florence Sherbon, these contests were deliberately staged at agricultural fairs. These contests encouraged families to re-imagine their histories as pedigrees subject to scientific analysis and control, while appealing to a deeply rooted sense of nostalgia for the rural family as the nation became increasingly urban, as rural children left farms, and as the culture of the Roaring Twenties challenged "traditional values". As such, the fitter family contests fused nostalgia for the farm family with a modernist promise of scientific control.     

Prefiguring a future city: urban growth,spatial planning and the economic local context in Catalonia

This study undertook a quantitative analysis of town master plans to define future urban growth. Spatial direction and intensity of urban expansion were analysed in relation to local contexts using land zoning and a comprehensive database of socio-economic indicators at the municipal scale in Catalonia, Spain. Our results illustrate a progressive shift towards discontinuous settlements consolidating urban centres in most accessible rural areas. Contrary to what was hypothesized (and partly observed) in recent decades, settlement expansion will modestly contribute to a balanced urban spatial structure. Future urban development in Catalonia will not follow a polycentric model, fuelling instead the growth of medium and small urban centres. This process may consolidate the incipient divide in rural areas with high accessibility and a dynamic economic base with remote inland areas experiencing land abandonment and depopulation. The use of indicators derived from town master plans in the assessment of (scattered or polycentric) future urbanization in Europe is finally discussed.     

The medieval city :

本文探讨了清代新疆八旗驻防满城时间上的发展特征和空间的分布特点,阐明了满城的形制及结构,并对比分析了满城衙署、兵房及教育、祠庙等相关设施在数量和规模上的差异,揭示出清代新疆满城的时空结构.     

清代新疆"满城"时空结构研究

本文探讨了清代新疆八旗驻防满城时间上的发展特征和空间的分布特点,阐明了满城的形制及结构,并对比分析了满城衙署、兵房及教育、祠庙等相关设施在数量和规模上的差异,揭示出清代新疆满城的时空结构.     

我爱你没有最高级——珠峰极限之爱

平淡生活才是生命最后的本核,而生命本核中的童真,只有在爱的保护下,才会保持它最真实最透彻的样子。泽龙现在眼里的番茄,跟他们刚认识时一样,没有变化,仍然像个没长大的孩子。“我想去爬山。”2016年4月番茄第一次打电话给泽龙时,就这么直截了当地说了自己的想法,飒得很。泽龙当时正在第一次去登珠穆朗玛峰的路上,他在电话里甩给番茄的回复是:你去登海拔8163米的马纳斯鲁峰,十万块钱。     

Justifying sacrifice: Barack Obama and the selling and ending of the war in Afghanistan

Since taking office, United States President Barack Obama has attempted to refocus and revitalize the US war against terrorism. The centrepiece of this effort has been an increased emphasis on the war in Afghanistan, which he has characterized as the real frontline of the war on terror—as opposed to the ‘distraction’ of the Iraq war. After years of fighting under the Bush administration, Obama has had to ‘sell’ to the US public the renewed effort in Afghanistan and bordering Pakistan in order to maintain support for his policy. In speeches and other public pronouncements, Obama has drawn heavily on the idea of ‘sacrifice’ to justify the deepening of the commitment to the war, arguing that the costs of the war are necessary in order to keep the US safe from further terrorist attacks. This article explores this symbolic engagement with the sacrifices being made in the name of keeping the United States ‘safe’ from terrorism. It considers whether this approach resonates with public and elite opinion; it also considers the sustainability of underlying public support for the war and analyses how Obama has adapted his approach in order to fulfil his goal of drawing the US intervention to a close. While Obama appears to have judged well the price that the US public is willing to pay to defend against terrorism, it is argued that there are major risks involved in using the central principle of sacrifice when justifying the war. Obama has risked creating a ‘sacrifice trap’ whereby the more emphasis is placed on the sacrifices being made, the more necessary it becomes to demonstrate outcomes that make those sacrifices worthwhile. Obama's ultimate objective of withdrawing US forces from Afghanistan may yet be undermined, therefore, by the justifications he has given for the continued importance of the commitment.