TANG SHAOYI AND SINO-BRITISH NEGOTIATION ON TIBETAN ISSUE

In December 1903, the British, cashing in on the Japan-Russia scramble for northeast China, sent troops into Tibet. They captured Gyangze in April the next year, and Lhasa in August. The British forced Tibet to sign the Lhasa Convention, with the aim of cutting Tibet off from Chinese territory. High Commissioner You Tai, stationed in Tibet by the Qing court, was coerced by the British to sign the Convention.When the Qing court was informed, Emperor Guangxu appointed Tang ambassador …     

Commerce and Empire in the Borderlands： How do Merchants and Trade Fit into Qing Frontier History？

As our understanding of the Qing empire and its various borderlands has evolved, so too have we come to appreciate China＇s early modem commercial sophistication. In recent North American studies of the Qing, the links between commerce and conquest have come under investigation, and we are increasingly urged to pay attention to merchants and merchant capital. But how should we understand the relationship between merchants and the Qing empire in the borderlands？ This article surveys selected work on the borderlands and commercialization, primarily in the Northwest and Southwest. The goal is to initiate a more comprehensive discussion of how to understand the intersection of commerce and empire while also making some suggestions for ways that borderlands history might shape future work on China.     

Introduction： Interfaces in Qing Frontier History

Inspired by the vibrant state of the last several decades of scholarship concerning the Qing frontier, the three authors of this introduction organized the “International Workshop on Defining the Jecen： The Evolution of the Qing Frontier, 1644-1918,” which took place on May 25-26, 2012, at the sponsoring institutions-Hong Kong Baptist University and the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Hong Kong. The primary objective of the workshop was to foster dialogue among colleagues from several Asian and North American institutions who currently are researching the Qing frontier. All participants were encouraged to contribute insights into long-standing questions based on the methodologies derived from their own scholarly backgrounds. Apart from aiming to break down unnecessary barriers of language, geography, and theoretical orientation, the conference also promoted two approaches to the topic that will simultaneously further the progress of contemporary pioneers and open fresh paths for future innovation.     

Restituting Church Buildings and Negotiating Church Factions： Missionary Mapmakers and the Making of Local Networks （1712-1716）

At the turn of the 18th century, the Kangxi emperor initiated a large project to map the vast territories of the Qing. The land surveys that ensued were executed by teams of Qing officials and European missionaries, most of them French Jesuits first sent to China in 1685 and actively supported by the French crown. Early 18th century Jesuit publications foster a much-heralded claim that these missionary-mapmakers drew on their status of imperial envoys during the surveys to locally advance the position of the Catholic church. This article strives to explore the format/on of such local networks by these missionaries as they passed through the cities and towns of the Chinese provinces. On the basis of archival material, details emerge of contacts with local Qing administrators and Chinese Christians, and of attempts to purchase and recover local churches. This is then discussed against the background of the Rites Controversy, in an attempt to evaluate how such local networks relate to the rivalry between missionaries of different orders. The article emphasizes that there was （and perhaps is） no such thing as ＂pure science＂ by underscoring that important technical achievements such as the Qing mapping project are often shaped by complex networks and historical contingencies.     

An Encounter between the Qing Dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-1760： Central Asia in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

This paper examines negotiations involving the exchange of envoys between the Qing dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-60. The Qing made contact with Khoqand in order to bring rapid stabilization to the newly acquired western territories. Khoqand, on the other hand, established a relationship with the Qing in order to expand their authority over the Kirghiz, and to advance toward Bukhara. Irdana tried to take advantage of Qing authority for the purpose of expanding his territories, but at the same time, he appealed to the other Central Asian Muslims to engage with him in a ＂holy war＂ against the Qing. It is true that each power in Central Asia shared a sense of crisis in reaction to the Qing＇s sudden expansion to the west. However, we also need to examine the competition for hegemony among the powers under the pretext of opposition to the Qing＇s advance.     

New Books

Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bnlukpa The author,Dr.Thalho from the Ethnology and Anthropology Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,wrote this book based on his wide-ranging and extensive study of historic literature in Chinese,Tibetan,Manchu and English.He sought to systematically analyze the complicated and uneasy relationship between Tibet during the Qing Dynasty and Bulukpa(today’s Bhutan).He offers a profound analysis of how the tributary system     

DISAPPEARING OF GREEKS＇ LEGEND IN NORTH EAST OF IRAN

The Greeks legends, which appeared on the Parthian coins, seem to be meaningless and consider as one of the ambiguities in the history of Parthian dynasty. From the beginning of first century AD, the Greeks legend appeared on Parthian Coins are vague and only seem to be symbolic. By the invasion of Sakas to the north of Iran which led to extinction of the governing of the Greeks in Bactria and pushed them back to the north India, Romans finally succeeded to add the Seleucid as a part of their territory, and left the traders in Selucia and Babylonia in the west and Margiana and Bactria on the east under domination of locals rather than the Greeks. In this article we are to investigate of decline of Greeks in Bactria and its relation to meaningless Greek legends on Parthian coins.     

Uprisings,Migrations, and Ethnic Identity： A Study of the Kaxabu in the Taiwan Borderland during the Qing

The earliest written record of the term “Kaxabu” dates to the 1908 survey report by the Japanese scholar Ino Kanori. In his study of the Pazzehe tribe in central Taiwan, he wrote： “Kaxabu was the name given by the Pazzehe to Daiyao＇puru, a small division of its ethnic group.” During the Qing era, the Pazzehe was called the Anli group by Chinese speakers in Taiwan, while the Kaxabu were named Puzili she （the Puzili tribe）. Since the Kaxabu originated from the Pazzehe, thus in determining the time when the Kaxabu became distinct from the Pazzehe and in exploring the differences between them, we will also elucidate historical developments before the Japanese colonial era. Using Qing historical materials such as travelogues, expedition-records, newspapers, data from fieldwork, surveys, and interviews, this study traces the intervention of the Qing court into tribal relationships in central Taiwan, beginning with the Dajiaxi she Incident （1731-32）, it touches on the changing environment of the Kaxabu/ Puzili she in their migrations in order to shed light on the development of the two distinctive identities-the Kaxabu and Pazzehe/Anli group. The analysis also reveals the impact of uprisings and migrations upon the border area surrounding Qing Taiwan, as well as problems of ethnic identification and geography.     

British Invasion of Yadong in History

As early as the Qing Dynasty,the central government set up a customs post in Yadong,accrediting officials to check on the passage ot goods and collect taxes. The post, located on a gentle slope sandwiched between the two peaks of Nedui La and Zeli La, has long fallen into disrepair.     

Frontier Stories： Periphery as Center in Qing History

Since at least the 1960s, the importance of the tremendous territorial expansion under Qing role to the modem history of China has been generally acknowledged. Indeed, one can say that the frontier story is one of the things that makes the Qing ＂Qing.＂ However, only in the last twenty years has the study of what is now termed the ＂borderlands＂ come into its own as a sub-field. This essay begins by describing some key concepts and terms in the study of the Qing frontier, including the Manchu wordjecen. It then raises the problem of narrative fiameworks, asking how we might best contextualize the growth of the empire, before going on to explore the implications of the discursive shift represented by the ＂New Qing History＂ and the extensive research on Qing borderlands associated therewith. A poem by the Mongol poet Na-xun Lan-bao provides the focus for a concluding discussion of a distinctive Qing frontier sensibility.     

A STUDY OF THE ORDINANCE FOR THE MORE EFFECTIVE GOVERNING OF TIBET

In 1791 or the 56th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the Korgas invaded Tibet for the second time. They did killing and looted the Tashilhungpo Monastery in Xigaze. Qing General Fukang'an was sent to drive the invaders out of Tibet. InAugust the next year, the Qing troops went deep into areas where the Korgas made home, forcing them to surrender.Based on this experience, the Qing general submitted a report to the Qing court. In 1793, the Qing court released the Ordinance for the …     

Jade Articles Collected in Tibetan Museum

Since the Yuan Dynasty, Tibet has been formally part of the territory of China. By keeping abreast with developments in the hinterland, Tibet has maintained close relations with other provinces in China and kept up to date. Mutual interactions were frequent i.e. Tibetans presented tributes to the central government and vice versa, the central governments bestowed largess on Tibetans. The largess included Buddhist statues, porcelains, silks, satins, and fabulous jade ornaments. In book entitled “Memoir of...     

湖北襄阳岗心与八亩坡墓地发掘简报

Three ancient graveyards at Gangxin, Bamupo and Paomagang graveyard in Xiangyang city were excavated from May to July in 2000. The excavation was done to cooperate with the construction of Xiang-Jing Highway. Fifteen tombs dated from Song to Ming and Qing Dynasty were unearthed, including small-scale brick-chambered tombs with earth pits, pit tombs and relocated tombs. Asmall quantity of burial objects such as copper cash, copper and jade hairpins are unearthed too. These tombs bear some unique features in forms and burial customs. The excavation will be helpful to the research on historical archaeology of Hubei province.     

SUMMARY OF ARTICLES

Non - Equilibrium Development in the Structure of History Theory: The Comparison Between the West and Ancient China,The Inevitable Choice of Chinese Culture: The Second Comment on Qing Empire in the World History,Restudy of the Etiquette and Custom in Rural China,Loss and Reconstruction of Grand Narrative in the Current American Historiography,History and Politics: An Brief Analysis of American Consensus History     

The Organs and Processes of Painting, Decorating and Mounting Thangkas for the Qing Court

The organisations in charge of painting and manufacturing Thangkas for the Qing Court were the Zhongzheng Hall and the Section for Manufacture and Purchase. Located to the west of the Forbidden City, Zhongzheng Hall was primarily used by the Emperor to worship Buddha and many religious services of the Inner Palace were also held there. At the end of each     

Costume,Ceremonial, and the East Asian Order: What the Annamese King Wore When Congratulating the Emperor Qianlong in Jehol in 1790

Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty celebrated his eightieth birthday in 1790, for which Vietnam, Korea, the Ryūkyū Islands, Burma, and Mongolia sent delegates to the imperial summer resort at Chengde 承德 to pay homage. Curiously, the Annamese (or, Vietnamese) king NguyễnQuangBình (阮 光平), who had just defeated the Qing army, offered to appear in Qing costume and kowtow to the Qing emperor. The unusual act pleased Emperor Qianlong and infuriated the Korean delegates. What did costume and ceremonial mean in the context of the East Asian political and cultural order? Why did the British embassy to China led by Lord Macartney three years later cause friction with regards to sartorial and ceremonial manners? This lecture will address these questions.     

清末手札八则初探

There are eight pieces of letters preserved by YuHang Museum wtilten by several hlgh-status officials of the ]ale Qing Dynasty to Yan Zheng Ji and his son, which touch upon domestic and natiortal affairs. Details of the battles with Taiping Army are virtually recorded, which reflects the truth how the government put down people's revolution at the end of the Qing D.vrtasty, In addition to the historic value, the letters are also of great value, on the art of the Chinese handwriting,     

Modern Chinese History Studies

The Late Qing Administrative Bureaus and the Reform of the Late Qing Political System,The True Face of Yi Kuang in the Boxer Movement,The Intellectual Agreements and Disagreements of Kang Youwei and Li...     

明清家具装饰概述

The decoration of furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties is an important part to display the grand achievement and advanced art level of that time, which echoes with the form and structure of the furniture. The following points can be studied for the decoration: the partly decoration, various methods and the topic and content of the decoration. Through long years' practice,special styles are created to dedicate obvious artistic characteristic and great value of beauty.     

泗阳大青墩泗水王陵

The Sishui royal mausoleum if the Han Dynasty was located at Da Qing Dun of Siyang, Jiangsu Province. From mid November of2002 to the January 22nd of 2003, Nanjing Museum formed a joint archaeology team with other organizations to make a rescuingexcavation to the Chen Dun and Da Qing Dun Han tombs at San Zhuang Village of Siyang County. due to the severe destroying bythe tomb robbers, in order to make more clear the appearance of the ancient Sishui realm. It opened the prelude of the material.custom and spiritual culture of that area.