宝藏寂对于中观破斥因果的批判（英文）

<正>o.Introduction Ratnakarasanti was a Buddhist scholar from the Vikramasila monastery at the final period of Indian Buddhism and was a teacher of Atisa/Dipamkarasrijnana.He occupies a unique position in the spiritual lineage of Mahayana Buddhism,which in India and Tibet developed out of the conflict and integration of Buddhism’s two main philosophical schools,namely,Yogacara and Madhayamaka.According to Ratnakarasanti’s understanding,the traditional Yogacara thought that was founded and systematized by Maitreya,Asanga,and Vasubandhu is fully compatible with the Middle Way(madhyama.pratipat)as     

Offspring of Handicraftsmen

My parents are the descendants of handicraftsmen. My father was born in 1933 and is 68 years old. At the age of 13 he learned gem inlaying technology from grandpa. There were five brothers in my father＇s home, but he lost his mother at the age of five. At the age of 18, he married and I was born when he was 25.     

Preschool Education of TAR in Progress

Preschool education is the starting point of one＇s education experience. It is of vital significance to the healthy development of individual and the improvement of national quality. After the founding of New China, the preschool education in TAR was at starting stage with weak infrastructure and lack of teachers.     

Record of the Hump Route Mapping

Editor＇s Note： Hu Mingcheng, the author of this article, was born in the Hanchuan County of Hubei Province in 1917. After graduation from the National Land Survey School in 1940, he began land surveying work. In the Chinese People＇s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he took part in the cartography work of the India-China border regions involving cooperation between China and America, and was charged with surveying the difficult areas in Kham. At the beginning of 1947, he went to America for advanced studies at the US Navy Astronomical Observatory and the Coastal Survey Bureau. He came back to China in the fall of 1948. In May 1949, he joined the headquarters of the 2nd field army in Nanjing, occupying the post of deputy captain of the Survey Squadron. In October of the same year, he took part in the battle to liberate the southwest. He was transferred to the Mapping Bureau of the Military Committee as a researcher. In recent years he wrote ＂The on-the-spot record of the India-China chart mapping by China and America in the Chinese People＇s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression＂. We have chosen a part of his narrative to share with readers.     

My Work as Secretary General of the KMT Tibet Office(Ⅱ)

EDITOR'S NOTE: As World War II was about to end in the 1940s, the KMT Government built the Xikang-Tibet Highway and dispatched troops into the region, and Chiang Kai-shek appointed Shen Zonglian Director of the Tibet Office. The KMT Tibet Office remained in operation until in 1949, when the Tibetan government reacted to "drive the Hans out of Tibet." The author of the following story was secretary general of the KMT Tibet Office at that time. The following is the second part o…     

吐蕃的遗产,敦煌的缘分

Now let’s turn our attention to Dunhuang in the Hexi Corridor,the home of the Mogao Grottoes.What position does it hold in Tibetan history and culture?What does it reveal of the formation and development of the Chinese nation as a whole?The area around Dunhuang was called Sanwei in ancient times.     

Fourteen Years of Glory——An Interview With NPC Vice-Chairman Radi

Editor‘s Note: Radi, a Tibetan, was born in August 1938 in Biru County, Tibet. He is a vice-chairman of the NPC Standing Committee.A serf in old Tibet, he was a Tibetan leader from 1975 to 2003. We interviewed him at the end of 2003,and he talked about changes that have taken place in Tibet in the past 14 years.     

THE THREE MASTERS OF JO OLDRUM

The ＂three masters of Jo Oldrum＂ refers to Guru Jo Olgyal Palden Atisha and his two disciples： Drumdompa Gyaiwarongne and O1 Lepal Sherab who lived in the 10th Century. In Thangka and frescos, Guru Atisha sits in the middle, and his two disciples on either side. Such works are commonly found in the shrines of Tibetan monasteries. All three were initiated into the Sect of Kadam in Tibetan Buddhism during the 10th Century.     

唐高力士墓发掘简报

Gao Lishi is the most celeberated eunuch in China‘s history. He served the emperor Tang Xuan zong(Li longji) all his life, and gained almost the first rank official position.At 762 A.D.,he was died in his 73, and was buried near the emperor‘s mausoleum named Tai Ling next year, which located at Shanxi village, Pucheng county. The tomb composed of a vamp, four narrow patios-like spaces, three passages, six niches, a brick corridor and tomb chamber, simple murals were painted on the both side of the ramp, the corridor and the chamber wall, but most of them were destroyed. Fancy patterns were carved on the surfuces of the stone tomb-gate and the stone coffin bed. More than two handred pottery statues were found in the miches, including housemen, servants and animals such as horses, pigs, camels, dogs, rabbits and so on. Some bones found in the coffin bed have been authenticated that belong to a man older than sixty. It is unusaal that the epitaph stone is vectangular. The epitaph narrated Gao‘s original name, ancestry, feats, official positions and his fanmily,ect. Excavation of this tomb provide valuable date for the research of Tang dynasty history, and we can see that Gao Lishi was down and out at his death from the tomb structure and the relics.     

＂Long Distance Medical Treatment＂ in Old Tibet

In 1966,Ngawang Dorje served successively as a military lieutenant,party secretary of the district,subprefect and vice director of the People＇s Congress of the county.He is adept in agricultural production.Having formally retired,he was again reemployed by the county government to work in the agricultural development office of the county until finally retiring today.At present,he is living in his house located at Gyantse County in a comfortable and relaxed old age.     

The 11 th Panchen Attends World Forum on Buddhism

The world＇s first Buddhist Forum opened in the scenic city of Hangzhou in east China＇s Zhejiang Province on April 13,2006. The 11th Panchen Erdeni attended and delivered an important speech at the opening ceremony whose theme was ＂A harmonious world begins in the mind.＂     

Back to Gamdeling

The Township Village of Gamdeling is situated in District Naiqung, County of Doilungdeqen, Lhasa. It is the place where I began to establish a relationship with Tibet. Halfa Century＇s Concern and Remembrance In the early spring of 1963, as a junior student majoring in Tibetan at the Department of Minority Languages and Literature in the Central College for Nationalities, I set foot in Tibet for the first time. The first place I saw was the Township Village of Gamdeling, where I went to work with the liberated serfs who were undergoing a democratic reform. I helped set up grass roots political power. Being together day and night, I studied Tibetan with them and taught singing to children in the primary school. There, I learned to recite Tsangyang Gyatso＇s poem, On the Peak of the Eastern Mountain, from which the well- known name ＂Makye-ame＂ comes. Since July 20, 1963, the day on which I departed, I have had no opportunity to return to Gamdeling. These years, by radio, newspaper and internet, I got to know that a famous vegetable and flower producers＇ cooperative was built in Gamdeling. I can collect hundreds of reports about Gamdeling on line. The news makes me excited, because I know Gamdeling is going forward with Tibet. How about my old Tibetan friends？ How about their life now？ Who are even still alive？ On August 30, 2011, on the occasion of a short business trip to Lhasa while accompanied by a friend, I stepped on the land again. Tenzin Wodrup＇s Vegetable Greenhouse Across the bridge over Tohlung Chu of the Lhasa River, we entered the area of Gamdeling. For me, everything was so familiar but yet strange! We stopped our car in front of a building with the sign of ＂Vegetable and Flower Exhibition and Trade Center of the Gamdeling Farmers＇ Vegetable Cultivation Cooperative, the County of Doilungdeqen＂. By the gate there was a stall selling local watermelons. Having taken some pictures, we drove northwards into the district of the vegetable greenhouses, intending to find a local and ask the way. It took five or six minutes for our ear to circle around the area, from which, we can see how big the district was. In time, I saw a middle-aged farmer with a bright T-shirt standing on the road. I got out and asked him about Tsering Dondrup. To my surprise, he was from Gamdeling and lived in the same Village of Chabka as Tsering Dondrup, and they were relatives The man＇s name was Tenzin Wodrup. He promised to take us to call on Tsering Dondrup＇s. On both sides of the road that was straight, clean and paved with cement, there stood dozens of vegetable greenhouses in rows.     

Chinese Socialism as Vernacular Cosmopolitanism

This paper follows the life of an idea, a fundamental concept in modern Chinese intellectual life： socialism. It explores this idea as an alternative form of Chinese cosmopolitanism, drawing from Pheng Cheah＇s identification of two kinds of Chinese cosmopolitanism： mercantile and revolutionary. If part of what we mean by cosmopolitanism is the local use of an external, or international, or otherwise ＂independent＂ （relative to local power and practice） ideology or discourse to promote an agent＇s sense of social good at home and connection to the world, then the ways that socialist thought, ideology and praxis have been employed in China in the twentieth century constitute one such strain of cosmopolitanism. Shehuizhuyi （socialism） meant related but significantly different things to Chinese in the twentieth century. This essay argues that Chinese socialism can be viewed as a version of vernacular cosmopolitanism through two examples： Wang Shiwei in the 1940s and Deng Tuo in the 1960s, as well as the discourse of Pan-Asianism before and after the Mao era. Chinese socialism was as much a terrain of debate and contestation about what it means to be ＂Chinese and modern＂ as it was a shared vocabulary and set of aspirations. All along it has been able to play the role of cosmopolitan thought for some influential Chinese thinkers and doers--connecting China to the world in order to pursue universal values.     

Lady Avengers in Jin He＇s （1818-1885） Narrative Verse of Female Knight-Errantry

Jin He 金和 (1818–1885), a pioneering poet of mid-nineteenth century China, wrote in a colloquial style strongly influenced by the ballad tradition. Jin’s style was prose-like and broke all the structural limitations of earlier poetry in order to create formal innovations, while at the same time experimenting with new subject matter. Liang Qichao 梁啟超 (1873–1929) and Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962) considered Jin He and Huang Zunxian 黃遵憲 (1848–1905) to be the major poets of the nineteenth century. Jin had a major impact both on other late nineteenth-century poets and on the “Poetic Revolution” that led to the rise of modern Chinese literature. However, his verse has been largely ignored ever since. Among the most striking contributions Jin made to the literary transition in the nineteenth century was his innovation in presenting the female knight-errant 女俠 (nüxia). This invented image of the female knight-errant reflected a new tradition of women’s voices in the literary works of his time, and had a great impact on the representation of swordswomen in modern literature. This paper examines how the image of nüxia in Jin’s writing is distinct from those found in past poetry, how the female knight-errant in Jin’s works inverts conventional gender norms, and how Jin’s female knight-errant image is both connected with and distinct from those in other literary forms.     

Abstracts

Structural Features and Expressions of Five-Character Poem in Western Jin： Also on Differences between ＂Weizhi＂ and ＂Jinzao＂
Ge xiaoyin （p. 1）
The most significant change of the five-character poem in Western Jin, compared with Han and Wei dynasties, was diversifications in chapter structure and Symmetry in words. Structure changes of the five-character poem in Western Jin which started in the Wei Dynasty drove the poetry out of the single scene of Han＇s poety and be able to organize different time and space scenes more freely, elaborating the scenes, event progress or mentalities completely. These may be the reason West Jin＇s poetry was called cumbersome rhetoric, but also the reason the capacity of the five-character poem was expanded greatly, which was the very stage of five-character poem from Han and Wei to Jin and Liu Song dynasties.     

SEQUENCE OF INTERNAL EVENTS DURING THE FOUNDATION PERIOD OF THE HITTITE KINGDOM

The events we will be dwelling upon and which are known from the cuneiform sources unearthed at Bogazkoey date directly to the time of Hattusili I or later, and provide information about the foundation period of the Hittite kingdom which took place in the cities that were closely linked to or directly occurring in the capital city, Hattusa, or elsewhere. It is not possible to put campaigns, conquests and the events in exact chronological order within the foundation period of the Hittite kingdom. However, it can be said that while the early part of the reign of Hattusili I was mostly a period when the borders were expanded by military campaigns and conquests, the later part of this king‘s reign was most probably when internal turmoil arose.     

Who Said, “Confucius Composed the Chunqiu”? ——The Genealogy of the “Chunqiu” Canon in the Pre-Han and Han Periods

It is often said that “Confucius composed the Chunqiu 春秋 (The Spring and Autumn Annals) to convey the way of the king.” Scholars have long noticed that before the founding of and during the Han Dynasty the phrase that served as the title of the allegedly Confucian work, “Chunqiu,” was also often used to designate history in general. In what intellectual and textual contexts did the term evolve from something general into a specific concept associated with Confucius? What works or ideas did pre-Han and Han scholars have in mind when discussing Confucius’s Chunqiu and the broader “Chunqiu” canon?1 Exploring these questions, the study that follows begins by systematically documenting the occurrences of this term in pre-Han and Han texts. It demonstrates that while Mencius was the first person to associate Confucius’s teachings with the Chunqiu, his statement was a solitary and surprising voice in the pre-Han era. Not until the Western Han Dynasty was Confucius widely heralded as the creator of the Chunqiu. But few scholars are aware that Western Han scholars never strictly distinguished the laconic Chunqiu from the detailed historical knowledge preserved in the Gongyang 公羊, Guliang 谷梁, and Zuo 左 commentaries. Furthermore, as the Chunqiu gained canonical status, the phrase still served as a generic term, referring to various historical narratives. Zhang Xuecheng 章学诚 is famous for claiming that “The Six Classics are all history,” and I shall show that in the minds of the people of the Han Dynasty, all historical works were classics.     

手绘:千里之外有大爱

"During my treatment in isolation,all the doctors and nurses I saw wore protective suits.Till this day,I have no idea what they look like without the fogged-up masks and sweat-soaked suits.But the kindness and care I received during those days will never be forgotten." This experience has filled his heart with gratitude.The patient,identified only as Zhang,vows to give back to society in the future as much as it has given him.Zhang was the only confirmed case of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Tibet Autonomous Region until the beginning of March.Under the treatment of the medical staff of the Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region,Zhang had a successful recovery.Here is Zhang's diary from illness to recovery.     

手绘:千里之外有大爱（英文）

正"During my treatment in isolation,all the doctors and nurses I saw wore protective suits.Till this day,I have no idea what they look like without the fogged-up masks and sweat-soaked suits.But the kindness and care I received during those days will never be forgotten." This experience has filled his heart with gratitude.The patient,identified only as Zhang,vows to give back to society in the future as much as it has given him.Zhang was the only confirmed case of novel coronavirus pneumonia in Tibet Autonomous Region until the beginning of March.Under the treatment of the medical staff of the Third People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region,Zhang had a successful recovery.Here is Zhang's diary from illness to recovery.