统计视角下的旅游业思考

从统计视角来界定旅游概念是旅游研究中达成共识的一种可行选择。本文以统计为视角,对旅游的基本概念进行了分析并对这一概念的优缺点进行了说明。然后从中国旅游统计的基本情况、主要特点、面临的困难、旅游卫星账户以及中国旅游统计发展的大体思路等几个方面对中国旅游业的测度进行了阐释。最后,从统计视角出发,对旅游研究中的一些错误观点进行了纠正。     

我国经济行业分类对编制旅游卫星账户(TSA)的影响研究

旅游卫星账户（TSA）的特点是,以遵守SNA93的基本概念与核算原则为前提,采用与主体账户完全相同的生产范围和产品分类,从需求和供给两方面全面准确计量旅游活动对整体经济的影响。因此,国家经济行业分类制约着编制TSA的详细程度,从而影响TSA计量结果的准确性。本研究通过对我国TSA实践过程中出现的问题及原因进行分析,对我国原有的和新版的经济行业分类体系进行比较,提出上述观点,旨在于促进我国经济活动分类的不断细化,为构建TSA奠定良好基础。     

天文旅游的含义、类型及活动形式研究——以丽江为例

近年来,天文旅游作为一种新兴的旅游形式蓬勃发展。越来越多的游客参与到天文旅游活动中。文章基于国内外现有天文旅游的研究,讨论并提出天文旅游的含义及分类。天文旅游既包括狭义上的观星旅游,也包括广义上的参观天文台、探访天文相关的地理标志地、参与天文相关的人文活动等。文章继而以云南省丽江市为例,说明各种天文旅游活动的形式及开展条件,对其他地区开展天文旅游活动具有一定的实践参照价值。     

旅游流的研究及旅游"双流"系统的构建

在市场经济下,旅游客源地与旅游目的地的空间相互作用,通过旅游者、旅游企业、地方政府和相关社会团体的行为,形成旅游者流和旅游业生产要素流,后者包括资金流、人才流、技术流、信息流和物质流,二者的合流统称为旅游流。本文首先对旅游流的相关研究作了综述,然后结合各种示意图,阐述了旅游流的结构,并在旅游流的概念基础上构建旅游“双流”系统。旅游流的概念有助于人们理解旅游活动,而旅游“双流”系统为区域旅游发展规划提供了一个新的概念模型。     

高校旅游毕业生就业统计范围问题研究

由于观念与技术等问题,我国现行的高校旅游就业统计范围,在专业和行业界定上存在着明显不足,以致人们对于旅游学科在教育体系中的地位以及旅游教育的投入与产出的认识出现严重误解。科学运用旅游卫星账户,参考相关旅游增加值,正确统计高校的旅游就业范围,符合国民经济就业统计的实际需要,也有利于端正人们对旅游就业范围的客观认识。     

谈智慧旅游对游客旅游活动的影响

智慧旅游作为一种新颖的旅游形式,将新一代信息技术应用到旅游中,为人们出行提供了极大便利,满足了游客日益个性化的旅游需求,对游客的旅游活动形成了极大的影响。本文首先对智慧旅游进行了简单概述,包括概念和发展情况,而后对智慧旅游对游客旅游活动的影响进行了初步探讨。     

从旅游活动的动机看旅游的定义

目前学术界对于旅游的基本定义沿用较早的概念界定,于是出现了新型旅游事项无法被旅游定义的范围所覆盖的现象。本文首先介绍了几种在学术界较为有代表性的旅游的定义,进而提出按旅游动机分类的旅游活动与新型旅游事项是否符合旧有旅游定义范畴这一问题,最后从旅游动机这一必要条件入手,对旅游进行定义界定,并呼吁学界提出更加符合时代潮流、符合新形势下旅游发展的新的旅游定义。     

蛟河红叶旅游节对当地旅游业的影响及思考

20世纪60年代以来,节庆旅游作为一种新形式的旅游在引起世界各国人的关注。随着节庆旅游的发展成熟,我国各地都创办了凝聚自己地方特色的节庆活动,像青岛啤酒节、蛟河红叶旅游节等。节庆旅游的如火如荼在为当地旅游产业发展带来至关重要的影响的同时也暴露出了一些弊端。通过对节庆旅游活动的概念、分类进行梳理,对我国节庆旅游活动的发展现状进行简单分析。在此基础上研究蛟河红叶旅游节对当地旅游业的影响以及存在的弊端并提出一些具有指导性的建议。     

从低碳旅游到洛哈思旅游:可持续旅游理念的又一次深化

发展可持续旅游不仅应该重视旅游过程中节能减排的环保问题,更应该解决旅游活动本身的"亚健康状态"。一种来源于反消费主义的思潮---洛哈思旅游,是后现代社会对享受型传统旅游的一种反思。低碳旅游以节能减排为出发点,重点在环境,洛哈思旅游以个人健康为出发点,重点在人。文章从洛哈思旅游的九要素进行解构,并将其和传统旅游、低碳旅游进行对比,提出洛哈思旅游具有健康性和包容性的特点,认为其所倡导的旅游方式十分符合旅游活动的本源,是一种继低碳旅游之后更人性化、更容易被接受的可持续旅游方式,是对低碳旅游的进一步发展和深化。通过倡导健康旅游消费的观念、产业链的开发、恰当地营销,洛哈思旅游能从环境和以人为本的双重角度引导现代人改变以往的旅游习惯,重构自己的旅游行为方式。     

聚会与宴飨——人类旅游活动起源新探

人类旅游活动萌芽于何时一直是旅游研究中的未解之题,目前流传较广的是“商旅起源说”.最新的考古学、人类学和民族志研究成果表明,人类旅游活动萌芽应发生在母系氏族社会时期.当时人类不仅已经产生了原始的审美、交往以及休闲娱乐诉求及相应的活动,而且会经常举行以聚会为主要形式、以宴飨为标志性内容的部落联欢、仪式、祭祀、庆典等活动,这些活动,无论是在时间、空间、内容还是活动特征上,都更加接近今天所定义的“旅游”的概念.由此形成本文关于旅游起源的一种新判断,即“聚会起源说”.     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.