不同模型在镇域空间相互作用中的应用与比较分析——以湖北省大冶市为例

镇域尺度的空间相互作用研究对促进城乡统筹和城镇体系规划具有重要意义。本文借鉴最新研究成果,从理论及实践层面对镇域空间相互作用研究进行了探索,提出一种基于空间可达性的辐射模型,并与传统重力模型进行比较分析。以大冶市16个乡镇为例进行实例研究,结果表明:1辐射模型与实测数据的相似度较高,可以更好地反映镇域空间相互作用的客观规律;2两种模拟方法在体现空间相互作用的方向性以及结构特征方面具有显著差异;3辐射模型中影响范围的引入以及空间可达性对区域异质性的体现是其与重力模型的主要区别。     

INTERPRETING SPATIAL ECONOMETRIC ORIGIN‐DESTINATION FLOW MODELS

Spatial interaction or gravity models have been used to model flows that take many forms, for example population migration, commodity flows, traffic flows, all of which reflect movements between origin and destination regions. We focus on how to interpret estimates from spatial autoregressive extensions to the conventional regression‐based gravity models that relax the assumption of independence between flows. These models proposed by LeSage and Pace ( 2008 , 2009 ) define spatial dependence involving flows between regions. We show how to calculate partial derivative expressions for these models that can be used to quantify these various types of effect that arise from changes in the characteristics/explanatory variables of the model.     

武汉都市圈经济社会要素流的空间分析

都市圈城际经济联系与相互作用空间表现形式为城市间、城市-区域间的人流、物流、信息流、资金流、技术流等经济社会要素流。基于城际功能集散效应影响量建立城市流模型:F=NE,揭示出:武汉都市圈各中心城市经济社会要素流强度空间差异明显,对外经济联系呈现显著规模等级分布,空间结构上已经形成以武汉为中心的"鞍形"圈层结构。通过统计数据,利用SPSS统计软件,从实证角度分析得出:武汉成为圈域经济社会要素流集散中心,城际经济社会要素流不同程度表现出以武汉为中心的"等级放射状"空间格局。     

SPATIAL ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE IN AN URBAN HIERARCHY SYSTEM

ABSTRACT. This paper develops a model to examine the economic interaction between central places and their hinterlands. The model allows interindustry linkages and upward trade flows in an urban hierarchy system. Trade balance equilibrium between hierarchical levels is established by direct mutual interlevel trade, rather than by indirect trade via the rural sector. The economic base multipliers generally increase with city size but occasionally they could be smaller than those of lower places. A continuous urban hierarchy is formed due to their relative location within the system, not to unspecified randomness.     

Extremal Approaches to Estimating Spatial Interaction

Two recent theoretical approaches to the gravity model of spatial interaction are examined with emphasis on the dissimilar physical and statistical theories from which they were respectively derived. Formal relationships between the two methods are demonstrated. The two approaches jointly indicate a general method of generating new hypotheses of gravity flows. This method is discussed and evaluated, and some questions of theory comparability are explored. Comments on some of the computational features of each of the two models conclude the paper.     

Neural Network Modeling of Constrained Spatial Interaction Flows: Design, Estimation, and Performance Issues

In this paper a novel modular product unit neural network architecture is presented to model singly constrained spatial interaction flows. The efficacy of the model approach is demonstrated for the origin constrained case of spatial interaction using Austrian interregional telecommunication traffic data. The model requires a global search procedure for parameter estimation, such as the Alopex procedure. A benchmark comparison against the standard origin constrained gravity model and the two–stage neural network approach, suggested by Openshaw (1998), illustrates the superiority of the proposed model in terms of the generalization performance measured by ARV and SRMSE.     

MODELING SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION IN SPATIAL INTERACTION DATA: AN APPLICATION TO PATENT CITATION DATA IN THE EUROPEAN UNION*

ABSTRACT Spatial interaction models of the gravity type are widely used to model origin–destination flows. They draw attention to three types of variables to explain variation in spatial interactions across geographic space: variables that characterize an origin region of a flow, variables that characterize a destination region of a flow, and finally variables that measure the separation between origin and destination regions. This paper outlines and compares two approaches, the spatial econometric and the eigenfunction‐based spatial filtering approach, to deal with the issue of spatial autocorrelation among flow residuals. An example using patent citation data that capture knowledge flows across 112 European regions serves to illustrate the application and the comparison of the two approaches.     

基于快递物流测度的区域流动空间特征——以江苏省为例

在信息技术推动下,流动空间作为新时期的新空间形式在带来时空压缩效应的同时不断地强化着区域城市间联系,推动着社会经济资源的城际流通。快递物流是互联网交易的虚拟流与快速交通实体流交互产生的物质流动,其代表了流动空间的虚实二元性,是研究流动空间网络特征的有效切入点。以江苏十三个城市为研究区域,以六家物流公司的网站数据为数据来源,采用权重分析法和重力模型方法建立起区域城市的快递物流水平、城市间流动空间连接度及城市快递物流总体评价等三项指标,结合区域流动空间的指标分析发现区域流动空间具有网络一体化、去中心化、扁平化、等级化及点轴式等五大特征,基于流动空间的可视化研究发现江苏省区域城市间关系显示出了一个具有等级特征的多中心扁平化点轴网络,围绕南京、苏州、徐州的都市圈一体化发展态势成为提高区域流动空间流动能力的重要突破方向。     

晚明时期我国历史旅游客流空间集聚与扩散研究

本文以《四库全书》、《四库全书存目丛书》、《四库全书存目丛书补编》、《四库禁毁书丛刊》及《四库未收书辑刊》中记载的晚明文人游记为基础,借助SPSS12.0软件,对晚明时期我国历史旅游客流的集聚和扩散现象进行研究,通过因子分析发现当时我国已初步形成四大旅游集聚场和三大旅游扩散场,并进一步利用因子得分进行聚类分析,以此为依据划分旅游目的地和客源地等级结构。     

An Empirically Based Implementation and Evaluation of a Hierarchical Model for Commuting Flows. 一种基于经验的层状通勤流模型实现与评估

This article provides an empirical evaluation of a hierarchical approach to modeling commuting flows. As the gravity family of spatial interaction models represents a benchmark for empirical evaluation, we begin by reviewing basic aspects of these models. The hierarchical modeling framework is the same that Thorsen, Ubøe, and Nævdal (1999) used. However, because some modifications are required to construct a more workable model, we undertake a relatively detailed presentation of the model, rather than merely referring to the presentation in Thorsen, Ubøe, and Nævdal (1999) . The model uses a hierarchical specification of a transportation network and the individual search procedure. Journeys to work are determined by the effects of distance deterrence and of intervening opportunities, and by the location of potential destinations relative to alternatives at subsequent levels in a transportation network. The model calibration uses commuting data from a region in western Norway. The estimated parameter values are reasonable, and the explanatory power is very satisfactory when compared with the results of a competing destinations approach.     

AN ANALYSIS OF TWO-CENTER COMPETITION

This paper analyzes the competition between the two centers which belong to different hierarchical levels. A two-center competition model is constructed by applying the Lotka-Volterra equations. This model includes as parameters the scale economies of central places, the consumer's outflow from the region, as well the distance between centers. As it is assumed in this model that the carrying capacity of the region will be affected by the consumer's outflow rate from it, the outflow rate is estimated by a demand generation model and then incorporated into the two-center competition model.     

MODELING SPATIAL STRUCTURES THROUGH EQUILIBRIUM STATES FOR TRANSITION MATRICES*

ABSTRACT. In this paper we present a model for spatial interaction within a network of towns. This interaction is modeled through equilibrium states for certain Markov chains where, in particular, explicit formulas for these states are given. Our model exploits and intertwines ideas from gravity models, the competing destinations model and the intervening opportunities model. The central idea in the paper is to capture the effect of spatial structure in a framework where interaction is determined by the global network configuration.     

我国旅游流研究进展与展望

旅游流研究是旅游地理学研究的核心问题之一,为了总结我国旅游流研究成果,找出我国旅前流研究的不足并指出未来的研究方向,本文对1987-2010年我国旅游流文献进行了梳理。我国旅游流研究历程可以划分为起步、成长和发展三个阶段,可划分为时间分布特征、空间结构特征、时空演化特征、影响因素、驱动机制和规模预测等六类研究主题,但我国旅游流研究也存在六方面的不足,特别是要深入挖掘研究内容,创新研究方法,以推动我国旅游流研究更进一步发展。     

解析信息社会流动空间的概念、属性与特征

伴随着20世纪90年代以来的数字技术革命,围绕信息而产生的概念被广泛纳入到了城市与区域空间研究框架中。流动空间是全球化进程中在信息技术的推动下产生的一种新的空间形式。信息技术、经济和空间的共同作用改变了传统的时间、空间和距离的概念,产生了全新的流动空间场。为了在城市与区域规划中更好地理解与应用流动空间这一概念,在把握国内外相关研究的基础上,我们总结出流动空间的概念,认为其具有实体空间与虚拟空间的二元属性,提出流动空间具有流动性、共享性、高时效性、空间弹性和高级网络性五大特征。在信息时代,对于流动空间的概念、属性与特征的研究强调了流动空间作为区别地方空间的一种新空间形式的内涵,突显出信息技术改变我们居住、生活空间的同时,将使我们主动地迎接空间转变的挑战。     

Zones of Influence of Middle-Size Cities,Their Boundaries and Passenger Flows

A modified gravity model is used to describe the flows of commuters between a central city and concentric zones around it. A multiplier-type model of a central-place system (after Christaller) is then used to calculate the number of residents for service centers at each level of the hierarchy within the system. The rank-size rule (Zipf's formula) is also considered as a criterion of a true system of urban places. Results are presented for the urban network of the Ukraine.     

市域内部旅游流空间扩散动力机制——以洛阳市为例

如何厘清市域内部旅游流扩散动力机制是市域规划建设和旅游发展的重要议题。以洛阳市为案例区，基于25个景区的“一手数据资料”，采用因子分析、结构方程模型分析方法，研究发现：市域内旅游流空间扩散动力机制是由旅游者自身的内外推力、目的地拉力和两地间的阻力组合成的复杂综合动力系统，推力是游客受到的最大动力。其中，休闲放松的潜在欲望是市域内游客群体关注的最主要的内推力，中介推荐是游客群体受到的最重要的外推力，景区核心吸引物对游客群体的拉动作用最强，而客观障碍的阻碍力大于主观障碍。     

Empirical Evaluation of Alternative Model Specifications to Predict Commuting Flows

This study is devoted to empirical and modeling aspects on how characteristics of spatial structure influence commuting flows. Within a doubly-constrained framework, results from a competing-destinations formulation are evaluated and compared to results from the traditional gravity model. The evaluation depends critically upon the specification of within-zone journeys-to-work. Specific labor-market characteristics are found to be significant to explain how workers are absorbed in diagonal elements of the trip-distribution matrix. We also find that the parametric specification of the accessibility measure is important, and that the competing-destinations formulation is superior to the traditional gravity model.     

全球技术空间体系及我国的对策初探

全球技术空间体系是指技术存量在技术势差激励下,在全球范围内各区域间交流运动所形成的复杂空间网络。它突出地表现为技术存量在不同区域、不同等级的技术供给者、消费者以及联结它们的技术流通渠道中的交流运动。技术势差、技术廊道是全球技术空间体系形成的必要条件,而知识产权保护是保证技术流动长盛不衰的制度保障。本文仅从体系形成的基本条件、现实障碍、特征及区域效应等方面简要分析了全球技术空间体系的形成机制,进而探讨了中国面对全球技术空间体系的政策选择。     

Models for Spatial Weights: A Systematic Look

General properties of spatial weights models, in particular Markovian properties, are systematically investigated. The role of stationary spatial distribution, interpretable as an importance-centrality or prominence index, is emphasized. Spatial interaction models, and among them the gravity model, are classified with respect to the time reversal and aggregation invariance properties obeyed by the associated spatial weights. Nine examples, involving connectivity, flows and distance decay analysis, integral geometry, and Dirichlet-Voronoi tessellations illustrate the main concepts, with a particular geometrical emphasis, and show how traditional, heuristic ingredients aimed at defining spatial weights can be recovered from general models.     

INCOMES,TRADE, AND THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS WITHIN AN URBAN SYSTEM*

ABSTRACT Attention is initially focused on the principal characteristics of a hierarchical urban system. The structure of trade flows among the various levels of the hierarchy is outlined, and consideration is then given to nontrade flows, these comprising government transfers and capital movements, as well as the associated property-payment flows. An equilibrium model is presented which is concerned with income at each level of the hierarchy. The balance-of-payments implications of the model are explored, and there is a discussion of the manner in which a trade imbalance at a particular level can be sustained in equilibrium.